Articles | Volume 2, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-403-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-403-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Original research article
| 
12 Aug 2016
Original research article |
| 12 Aug 2016
Soil CO2 efflux in an old-growth southern conifer forest (Agathis australis) – magnitude, components and controls
Luitgard Schwendenmann
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Environment, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
Cate Macinnis-Ng
School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
Related authors
No articles found.
Rafael Poyatos, Víctor Granda, Víctor Flo, Mark A. Adams, Balázs Adorján, David Aguadé, Marcos P. M. Aidar, Scott Allen, M. Susana Alvarado-Barrientos, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Luiza Maria Aparecido, M. Altaf Arain, Ismael Aranda, Heidi Asbjornsen, Robert Baxter, Eric Beamesderfer, Z. Carter Berry, Daniel Berveiller, Bethany Blakely, Johnny Boggs, Gil Bohrer, Paul V. Bolstad, Damien Bonal, Rosvel Bracho, Patricia Brito, Jason Brodeur, Fernando Casanoves, Jérôme Chave, Hui Chen, Cesar Cisneros, Kenneth Clark, Edoardo Cremonese, Hongzhong Dang, Jorge S. David, Teresa S. David, Nicolas Delpierre, Ankur R. Desai, Frederic C. Do, Michal Dohnal, Jean-Christophe Domec, Sebinasi Dzikiti, Colin Edgar, Rebekka Eichstaedt, Tarek S. El-Madany, Jan Elbers, Cleiton B. Eller, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Brent Ewers, Patrick Fonti, Alicia Forner, David I. Forrester, Helber C. Freitas, Marta Galvagno, Omar Garcia-Tejera, Chandra Prasad Ghimire, Teresa E. Gimeno, John Grace, André Granier, Anne Griebel, Yan Guangyu, Mark B. Gush, Paul J. Hanson, Niles J. Hasselquist, Ingo Heinrich, Virginia Hernandez-Santana, Valentine Herrmann, Teemu Hölttä, Friso Holwerda, James Irvine, Supat Isarangkool Na Ayutthaya, Paul G. Jarvis, Hubert Jochheim, Carlos A. Joly, Julia Kaplick, Hyun Seok Kim, Leif Klemedtsson, Heather Kropp, Fredrik Lagergren, Patrick Lane, Petra Lang, Andrei Lapenas, Víctor Lechuga, Minsu Lee, Christoph Leuschner, Jean-Marc Limousin, Juan Carlos Linares, Maj-Lena Linderson, Anders Lindroth, Pilar Llorens, Álvaro López-Bernal, Michael M. Loranty, Dietmar Lüttschwager, Cate Macinnis-Ng, Isabelle Maréchaux, Timothy A. Martin, Ashley Matheny, Nate McDowell, Sean McMahon, Patrick Meir, Ilona Mészáros, Mirco Migliavacca, Patrick Mitchell, Meelis Mölder, Leonardo Montagnani, Georgianne W. Moore, Ryogo Nakada, Furong Niu, Rachael H. Nolan, Richard Norby, Kimberly Novick, Walter Oberhuber, Nikolaus Obojes, A. Christopher Oishi, Rafael S. Oliveira, Ram Oren, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Teemu Paljakka, Oscar Perez-Priego, Pablo L. Peri, Richard L. Peters, Sebastian Pfautsch, William T. Pockman, Yakir Preisler, Katherine Rascher, George Robinson, Humberto Rocha, Alain Rocheteau, Alexander Röll, Bruno H. P. Rosado, Lucy Rowland, Alexey V. Rubtsov, Santiago Sabaté, Yann Salmon, Roberto L. Salomón, Elisenda Sánchez-Costa, Karina V. R. Schäfer, Bernhard Schuldt, Alexandr Shashkin, Clément Stahl, Marko Stojanović, Juan Carlos Suárez, Ge Sun, Justyna Szatniewska, Fyodor Tatarinov, Miroslav Tesař, Frank M. Thomas, Pantana Tor-ngern, Josef Urban, Fernando Valladares, Christiaan van der Tol, Ilja van Meerveld, Andrej Varlagin, Holm Voigt, Jeffrey Warren, Christiane Werner, Willy Werner, Gerhard Wieser, Lisa Wingate, Stan Wullschleger, Koong Yi, Roman Zweifel, Kathy Steppe, Maurizio Mencuccini, and Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2607–2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Transpiration is a key component of global water balance, but it is poorly constrained from available observations. We present SAPFLUXNET, the first global database of tree-level transpiration from sap flow measurements, containing 202 datasets and covering a wide range of ecological conditions. SAPFLUXNET and its accompanying R software package
sapfluxnetrwill facilitate new data syntheses on the ecological factors driving water use and drought responses of trees and forests.
Cited articles
Adachi, M., Bekku, Y. S., Rashidah, W., Okuda, T., and Koizumi, H.: Differences in soil respiration between different tropical ecosystems, Appl. Soil Ecol., 34, 258–265, 2006.
Ammer, C. and Wagner, S.: Problems and options in modelling fine-root biomass of single mature Norway spruce trees at given points from stand data, Can. J. Forest Res., 32, 581–590, 2002.
Andrews, J. A., Harrison, K. G., Matamala, R., and Schlesinger, W. H.: Separation of root respiration using carbon-13 labeling during free-air carbon enrichment (FACE), Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 63, 1429–1435, 1999.
Bahn, M., Reichstein, M., Davidson, E. A., Grünzweig, J., Jung, M., Carbone, M. S., Epron, D., Misson, L., Nouvellon, Y., Roupsard, O., Savage, K., Trumbore, S. E., Gimeno, C., Curiel Yuste, J., Tang, J., Vargas, R., and Janssens, I. A.: Soil respiration at mean annual temperature predicts annual total across vegetation types and biomes, Biogeosciences, 7, 2147–2157, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2147-2010, 2010.
Bergin, D. and Steward, G.: Kauri: Establishment, growth and management, New Zealand Indigenous Tree Bulletin No. 2, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, 2004.
Bhupinderpal-Singh, Nordgren, A., Löfvenius, M. O., Högberg, M. N., Mellander, P., and Högberg, P.: Tree root and soil heterotrophic respiration as revealed by girdling of boreal Scots pine forest: Extending observations beyond the first year, Plant Cell Environ., 26, 1287–1296, 2003.
Bond-Lamberty, B. and Thomson, A.: A global database of soil respiration data, Biogeosciences, 7, 1915–1926, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1915-2010, 2010a.
Bond-Lamberty, B. and Thomson, A.: Temperature-associated increases in the global soil respiration record, Nature, 464, 579–582, 2010b.
Bond-Lamberty, B. and Thomson, A.: A Global Database of Soil Respiration Data, Version 3.0, Data set, available at: http://daac.ornl.gov from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1235, 2014.
Bond-Lamberty, B., Bronson, D., Bladyka, E., and Gower, S. T.: A comparison of trenched plot techniques for partitioning soil respiration, Soil Biol. Biochem., 43, 2108–2114, 2011.
Boone, R. D., Nadelhoffer, K. J., Canary, J. D. and Kaye, J. P.: Roots exert a strong influence on the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration, Nature, 396, 570–572, 1998.
Borken, W., Xu, Y. J., Davidson, E. A., and Beese, F.: Site and temporal variation of soil respiration in European beech, Norway spruce, and Scots pine forests, Global Change Biol., 8, 1205–1216, 2002.
Bréchet, L., Ponton, S., Alméras, T., Bonal, D., and Epron, D.: Does spatial distribution of tree size account for spatial variation in soil respiration in a tropical forest?, Plant Soil, 347, 293–303, 2011.
Brüggemann, N., Gessler, A., Kayler, Z., Keel, S. G., Badeck, F., Barthel, M., Boeckx, P., Buchmann, N., Brugnoli, E., Esperschütz, J., Gavrichkova, O., Ghashghaie, J., Gomez-Casanovas, N., Keitel, C., Knohl, A., Kuptz, D., Palacio, S., Salmon, Y., Uchida, Y., and Bahn, M.: Carbon allocation and carbon isotope fluxes in the plant-soil-atmosphere continuum: a review, Biogeosciences, 8, 3457–3489, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3457-2011, 2011.
Brunner, I., Herzog, C., Dawes, M. A., Arend, M., and Sperisen, C.: How tree roots respond to drought, Front. Plant Sci., 6, 547, 2015.
Campbell, J. L. and Law, B. E.: Forest soil respiration across three climatically distinct chronosequences in Oregon, Biogeochemistry, 73, 109–125, 2005.
Cavagnaro, T. R., Barrios-Masias, F. H., and Jackson, L. E.: Arbuscular mycorrhizas and their role in plant growth, nitrogen interception and soil gas efflux in an organic production system, Plant Soil, 353, 181–194, 2012.
Chave, J., Navarrete, D., Almeida, S., Álvarez, E., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Bonal, D., Châtelet, P., Silva-Espejo, J. E., Goret, J.-Y., von Hildebrand, P., Jiménez, E., Patiño, S., Peñuela, M. C., Phillips, O. L., Stevenson, P., and Malhi, Y.: Regional and seasonal patterns of litterfall in tropical South America, Biogeosciences, 7, 43–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-43-2010, 2010.
Coomes, D. A. and Grubb, P. J.: Impacts of root competition in forests and woodlands: A theoretical framework and review of experiments, Ecol. Monogr., 70, 171–207, 2000.
Curiel Yuste, J., Janssens, I. A., and Ceulemans, R.: Calibration and validation of an empirical approach to model soil CO2 efflux in a deciduous forest, Biogeochemistry, 73, 209–230, 2005a.
Curiel Yuste, J., Janssens, I. A., Carrara, R., and Ceulemans, R.: Annual Q10 of soil respiration reflects plant phenological patterns as well as temperature sensitivity, Global Change Biol., 10, 161–169, 2005b.
Davidson, E. A., Belk, E., and Boone, R. D.: Soil water content and temperature as independent or confounded factors controlling soil respiration in a temperate mixed hardwood forest, Global Change Biol., 4, 217–227, 1998.
Davidson, E. A., Verchot, L. V., Henrique Cattânio, J., Ackerman, I. L., and Carvalho, J. E. M.: Effects of soil water content on soil respiration in forests and cattle pastures of eastern Amazonia, Biogeochemistry, 48, 53–69, 2000.
Davidson, E. A., Savage, K., Bolstad, P., Clark, D. A., Curtis, P. S., Ellsworth, D. S., Hanson, P. J., Law, B. E., Luo, Y., Pregitzer, K. S., Randolph, J. C., and Zak, D.: Belowground carbon allocation in forests estimated from litterfall and IRGA-based soil respiration measurements, Agr, Forest Meterol., 113, 39–51, 2002.
Davidson, E. A., Janssens, I. A., and Lou, Y.: On the variability of respiration in terrestrial ecosystems: Moving beyond Q10, Global Change Biol., 12, 154–164, 2006.
De Jong, E. and Schappert, H. J.: Calculaton of soil respiration and activity from CO2 profiles in the soil, Soil Sci., 113, 328–333, 1972.
Díaz-Pinés, E., Schindlbacher, A., Pfever, M., Jandl, R., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., and Rubio, A.: Root trenching: A useful tool to estimate autotrophic soil respiration? A case study in an austrian mountain forest, Eur. J. Forest Res., 129, 101–109, 2010.
Doughty, C. E., Metcalfe, D. B., Girardin, C. A. J., Amézquita, F. F., Cabrera, D. G., Huasco, W. H., Silva-Espejo, J. E., Araujo-Murakami, A., Da Costa, M. C., Rocha, W., Feldpausch, T. R., Mendoza, A. L. M., Da Costa, A. C. L., Meir, P., Phillips, O. L., and Malhi, Y.: Drought impact on forest carbon dynamics and fluxes in Amazonia, Nature, 519, 78–82, 2015.
Ecroyd, C. E.: Biological flora of New Zealand 8. Agathis australis (D. Don) Lindl. (Araucariaceae) kauri, New Zealand J. Bot., 20, 17–36, 1982.
Enright, N. J. and Ogden, J.: Decomposition of litter from common woody species of kauri (Agathis australis Salisb.) forest in northern New Zealand, Aust. J. Ecol., 12, 109–124, 1987.
Epron, D., Dantec, V. L., Dufrene, E., and Granier, A.: Seasonal dynamics of soil carbon dioxide efflux and simulated rhizosphere respiration in a beech forest, Tree Physiol., 21, 145–152, 2001.
Epron, D., Ngao, J., and Granier, A.: Interannual variation of soil respiration in a beech forest ecosystem over a six-year study, Ann. Forest Sci., 61, 499–505, 2004.
Epron, D., Bosc, A., Bonal, D., and Freycon, V.: Spatial variation of soil respiration across a topographic gradient in a tropical rain forest in French Guiana, J. Trop. Ecol., 22, 565–574, 2006.
Epron, D., Ngao, J., Dannoura, M., Bakker, M. R., Zeller, B., Bazot, S., Bosc, A., Plain, C., Lata, J. C., Priault, P., Barthes, L., and Loustau, D.: Seasonal variations of belowground carbon transfer assessed by in situ 13CO2 pulse labelling of trees, Biogeosciences, 8, 1153–1168, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1153-2011, 2011.
Fang, C. and Moncrieff, J. B.: A model for soil CO2 production and transport 1: Model development, Agr. Forest Meterol., 95, 225–236, 1999.
Fang, C., Moncrieff, J. B., Gholz, H. L., and Clark, K. L.: Soil CO2 efflux and its spatial variation in a Florida slash pine plantation, Plant Soil, 205, 135–146, 1998.
Ferrari, J. B. and Sugita, S.: A spatially explicit model of leaf litter fall in hemlock-hardwood forests, Can. J. Forest Res., 26, 1905–1913, 1996.
Gaudinski, J. B., Trumbore, S. E., Davidson, E. A., and Zheng, S.: Soil carbon cycling in a temperate forest: Radiocarbon-based estimates of residence times, sequestration rates and partitioning of fluxes, Biogeochemistry, 51, 33–69, 2000.
Giardina, C. P., Litton, C. M., Crow, S. E., and Asner, G. P.: Warming-related increases in soil CO2 efflux are explained by increased below-ground carbon flux, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 822–827, 2014.
Göttlicher, S., Knohl, A., Wanek, W., Buchmann, N. and Richter, A.: Short-term changes in carbon isotope composition of soluble carbohydrates and starch: From canopy leaves to the root system, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 20, 653–660, 2006.
Hanson, P. J., Edwards, N. T., Garten, C. T., and Andrews, J. A.: Separating root and soil microbial contributions to soil respiration: A review of methods and observations, Biogeochemistry, 48, 115–146, 2000.
Hedley, C. B., Lambie, S. M., and Dando, J. L.: Edaphic and environmental controls of soil respiration and related soil processes under two contrasting manuka and kanuka shrubland stands in North Island, New Zealand, Soil Res., 51, 390–405, 2013.
Heinemeyer, A., Di Bene, C., Lloyd, A. R., Tortorella, D., Baxter, R., Huntley, B., Gelsomino, A. and Ineson, P.: Soil respiration: Implications of the plant-soil continuum and respiration chamber collar-insertion depth on measurement and modelling of soil CO2 efflux rates in three ecosystems, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 62, 82–94, 2011.
Hewitt, A. E.: Soil classification in New Zealand: legacy and lessons, Aust. J. Soil Res., 30, 843–854, 1992.
Hibbard, K. A., Law, B. E., Reichstein, M., and Sulzman, J.: An analysis of soil respiration across northern hemisphere temperate ecosystems, Biogeochemistry, 73, 29–70, 2005.
Högberg, P.: Is tree root respiration more sensitive than heterotrophic respiration to changes in soil temperature?, New Phytol., 188, 9–10, 2010.
Högberg, P., Nordgren, A., Buchmann, N., Taylor, A. F. S., Ekblad, A., Högberg, M. N., Nyberg, G., Ottosson-Löfvenius, M., and Read, D. J.: Large-scale forest girdling shows that current photosynthesis drives soil respiration, Nature, 411, 789–792, 2001.
Holland, E. A., Post, W. M., Matthews, E., Sulzman, J., Staufer, R., and Krankina, O.: A Global Database of Litterfall Mass and Litter Pool Carbon and Nutrients, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1244, 2015.
Hunt, J. E., Walcroft, A. S., McSeveny, T. M., Rogers, G. N. and Whitehead, D.: Ecosystem respiration in an undisturbed, old-growth, temperate rain forest, Abstract, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2008.
Janssens, I. A., Kowalski, A. S., and Ceulemans, R.: Forest floor CO2 fluxes estimated by eddy covariance and chamber-based model, Agr. Forest Meterol., 106, 61–69, 2001a.
Janssens, I. A., Lankreijer, H., Matteucci, G., Kowalski, A. S., Buchmann, N., Epron, D., Pilegaard, K., Kutsch, W., Longdoz, B., Grünwald, T., Montagnani, L., Dore, S., Rebmann, C., Moors, E. J., Grelle, A., Rannik, Ü., Morgenstern, K., Oltchev, S., Clement, R., Guomundsson, J., Minerbi, S., Berbigier, P., Ibrom, A., Moncrieff, J., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, C., Jensen, N. O., Vesala, T., Granier, A., Schulze, E., Lindroth, A., Dolman, A. J., Jarvis, P. G., Ceulemans, R., and Valentini, R.: Productivity overshadows temperature in determining soil and ecosystem respiration across European forests, Global Change Biol., 7, 269–278, 2001b.
Janssens, I. A. and Pilegaard, K.: Large seasonal changes in Q10 of soil respiration in a beech forest, Global Change Biol., 9, 911–918, 2003.
Jassal, R., Black, A., Novak, M., Morgenstern, K., Nesic, Z., and Gaumont-Guay, D.: Relationship between soil CO2 concentrations and forest-floor CO2 effluxes, Agr. Forest Meterol., 130, 176–192, 2005.
Jongkind, A. G., Velthorst, E., and Buurman, P.: Soil chemical properties under kauri (Agathis australis) in The Waitakere Ranges, New Zealand, Geoderma, 141, 320–331, 2007.
Katayama, A., Kume, T., Komatsu, H., Ohashi, M., Nakagawa, M., Yamashita, M., Otsuki, K., Suzuki, M., and Kumagai, T.: Effect of forest structure on the spatial variation in soil respiration in a Bornean tropical rainforest, Agr. Forest Meterol., 149, 1666–1673, 2009.
Keiluweit, M., Bougoure, J. J., Nico, P. S., Pett-Ridge, J., Weber, P. K., and Kleber, M.: Mineral protection of soil carbon counteracted by root exudates, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 588–595, 2015.
Keith, H., Mackey, B. G. and Lindenmayer, D. B.: Re-evaluation of forest biomass carbon stocks and lessons from the world's most carbon-dense forests, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 11635–11640, 2009.
Kirschbaum, M. U. F.: The temperature dependence of soil organic matter decomposition, and the effect of global warming on soil organic C storage, Soil Biol. Biochem., 27, 753–760, 1995.
Kosugi, Y., Mitani, T., Itoh, M., Noguchi, S., Tani, M., Matsuo, N., Takanashi, S., Ohkubo, S. and Rahim Nik, A.: Spatial and temporal variation in soil respiration in a Southeast Asian tropical rainforest, Agr. Forest Meterol., 147, 35–47, 2007.
Kuzera, C. L. and Kirkham, D. R.: Soil respiration studies in tallgrass prarie in Missouri, Ecology, 52, 912–915, 1971.
Kuzyakov, Y.: Sources of CO2 efflux from soil and review of partitioning methods, Soil Biol. Biochem., 38, 425–448, 2006.
Linn, D. M. and Doran, J. W.: Effect of water-filled pore space on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide production in tilled and nontilled soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 48, 1267-1272, 1984.
Lloyd, J. and Taylor, J. A.: On the temperature dependence of soil respiration, Funct. Ecol., 8, 315–323, 1994.
Longdoz, B., Yernaux, M., and Aubinet, M.: Soil CO2 efflux measurements in a mixed forest: Impact of chamber disturbances, spatial variability and seasonal evolution, Global Change Biol., 6, 907–917, 2000.
Luo, Y. and Zhou, X.: Temporal and spatial variations in soil respiration, in: Soil Respiration and the Environment, Academic Press, Elsevier, San Diego, CA, USA, 107–131, 2006.
Macinnis-Ng, C. and Schwendenmann, L.: Litterfall, carbon and nitrogen cycling in a southern hemisphere conifer forest dominated by kauri (Agathis australis) during drought, Plant Ecol., 216, 247–262, 2015.
Maier, M. and Schack-Kirchner, H.: Using the gradient method to determine soil gas flux: A review, Agr. Forest Meterol., 192–193, 78–95, 2014.
Maier, M., Schack-Kirchner, H., Hildebrand, E. E., and Schindler, D.: Soil CO2 efflux vs. soil respiration: Implications for flux models, Agr. Forest Meterol., 151, 1723–1730, 2011.
Metcalfe, D. B., Meir, P., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Malhi, Y., da Costa, A. C. L., Braga, A., Gonçalves, P. H. L., de Athaydes, J., de Almeida, S. S., and Williams, M.: Factors controlling spatio-temporal variation in carbon dioxide efflux from surface litter, roots, and soil organic matter at four rain forest sites in the eastern Amazon, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 112, G04001, 2007.
Metcalfe, D. B., Fisher, R. A., and Wardle, D. A.: Plant communities as drivers of soil respiration: pathways, mechanisms, and significance for global change, Biogeosciences, 8, 2047–2061, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2047-2011, 2011.
Millard, P., Midwood, A. J., Hunt, J. E., Barbour, M. M., and Whitehead, D.: Quantifying the contribution of soil organic matter turnover to forest soil respiration, using natural abundance δ13C, Soil Biol. Biochem., 42, 935–943, 2010.
Nakane, K., Tsubota, H., and Yamamoto, M.: Cycling of soil carbon in a Japanese red pine forest I. Before a clear-felling, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 97, 39–60, 1984.
Ngao, J., Epron, D., Delpierre, N., Bréda, N., Granier, A., and Longdoz, B.: Spatial variability of soil CO2 efflux linked to soil parameters and ecosystem characteristics in a temperate beech forest, Agr. Forest Meterol., 154–155, 136–146, 2012.
Noguchi, K., Konôpka, B., Satomura, T., Kaneko, S., and Takahashi, M.: Biomass and production of fine roots in Japanese forests, J. Forest Res., 12, 83–95, 2007.
Nottingham, A. T., Turner, B. L., Winter, K., van der Heijden, M. G. A., and Tanner, E. V. J.: Arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelial respiration in a moist tropical forest, New Phytol., 186, 957–967, 2010.
Ohashi, M., Kumagai, T., Kume, T., Gyokusen, K., Saitoh, T. M., and Suzuki, M.: Characteristics of soil CO2 efflux variability in an aseasonal tropical rainforest in Borneo Island, Biogeochemistry, 90, 275–289, 2008.
Oishi, A. C., Palmroth, S., Butnor, J. R., Johnsen, K. H., and Oren, R.: Spatial and temporal variability of soil CO2 efflux in three proximate temperate forest ecosystems, Agr. Forest Meterol., 171–172, 256–269, 2013.
Padamsee, M., Johansen, R. B., Stuckey, S. A., Williams, S. E., Hooker, J. E., Burns, B. R., and Bellgard, S. E.: The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonising roots and root nodules of New Zealand kauri Agathis australis, Fungal Biol., 120, 807–817, 2016.
Paul, K. I., Polglase, P. J., Smethurst, P. J., Connell, A. C., Carlyle, C. L., and Khanna, P. A.: Soil temperature under forests: a simple model for predicting soil temperature under a range of forest types, Agr. Forest Meterol., 121, 167–182, 2004.
Phillips, C. L., Kluber, L. A., Martin, J. P., Caldwell, B. A., and Bond, B. J.: Contributions of ectomycorrhizal fungal mats to forest soil respiration, Biogeosciences, 9, 2099–2110, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2099-2012, 2012.
Raich, J. W. and Potter, C. S.: Global patterns of carbon dioxide emissions from soils, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 9, 23–36, 1995.
Raich, J. W. and Schlesinger, W. H.: The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate, Tellus B, 44, 81–99, 1992.
Raich, J. W. and Tufekcioglu, A.: Vegetation and soil respiration: Correlations and controls, Biogeochemistry, 48, 71–90, 2000.
Rayment, M. B. and Jarvis, P. G.: Temporal and spatial variation of soil CO2 efflux in a Canadian boreal forest, Soil Biol. Biochem., 32, 35–45, 2000.
R Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, available at: http://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 14 January 2016), 2014
Reichstein, M., Rey, A., Freibauer, A., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., Banza, J., Casals, P., Cheng, Y., Grünzweig, J. M., Irvine, J., Joffre, R., Law, B. E., Loustau, D., Miglietta, F., Oechel, W., Ourcival, J., Pereira, J. S., Peressotti, A., Ponti, F., Qi, Y., Rambal, S., Rayment, M., Romanya, J., Rossi, F., Tedeschi, V., Tirone, G., Xu, M., and Yakir, D.: Modeling temporal and large-scale spatial variability of soil respiration from soil water availability, temperature and vegetation productivity indices, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1104, 2003.
Rustad, L. E., Huntington, T. G., and Boone, R. D.: Controls on soil respiration: Implications for climate change, Biogeochemistry, 48, 1–6, 2000.
Sayer, E. J., Heard, M. S., Grant, H. K., Marthews, T. R., and Tanner, E. V. J.: Soil carbon release enhanced by increased tropical forest litterfall, Nat. Clim. Change, 1, 304–307, 2011.
Schlesinger, W. H. and Andrews, J. A.: Soil respiration and the global carbon cycle, Biogeochemistry, 48, 7–20, 2000.
Schwendenmann, L. and Macinnis-Ng, C.: Soil CO2 efflux in an old-growth southern conifer forest – data sets, https://doi.org/10.17608/k6.auckland.3505796, 2016.
Schwendenmann, L., Veldkamp, E., Brenes, T., O'Brien, J. J., and Mackensen, J.: Spatial and temporal variation in soil CO2 efflux in an old-growth neotropical rain forest, La Selva, Costa Rica, Biogeochemistry, 64, 111–128, 2003.
Scott-Denton, L. E., Rosenstiel, T. N., and Monson, R. K.: Differential controls by climate and substrate over the heterotrophic and rhizospheric components of soil respiration, Global Change Biol., 12, 205–216, 2006.
Silvester, W. B.: The biology of kauri (Agathis australis) in New Zealand II. Nitrogen cycling in four kauri forest remnants, New Zealand J. Bot., 38, 205–220, 2000.
Silvester, W. B. and Orchard, T. A.: The biology of kauri (Agathis australis) in New Zealand. I. Production, biomass, carbon storage, and litter fall in four forest remnants, New Zealand J. Bot., 37, 553–571, 1999.
Smith, P. and Fang, C.: Carbon cycle: A warm response by soils, Nature, 464, 499–500, 2010.
Soil Survey Staff.: Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th Edn., USDA – Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C., 2014.
Søe, A. R. B. and Buchmann, N.: Spatial and temporal variations in soil respiration in relation to stand structure and soil parameters in an unmanaged beech forest, Tree Physiol., 25, 1427–1436, 2005.
Stacy, E. M., Hart, S. C., Hunsaker, C. T., Johnson, D. W., and Berhe, A. A.: Soil carbon and nitrogen erosion in forested catchments: implications for erosion-induced terrestrial carbon sequestration, Biogeosciences, 12, 4861–4874, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4861-2015, 2015.
Staelens, J., Nachtergale, L., and Luyssaert, S.: Predicting the spatial distribution of leaf litterfall in a mixed deciduous forest, Forest Sci., 50, 836–847, 2004.
Steward, G. A. and Beveridge, A. E.: A review of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis (D. Don) Lindl.): Its ecology, history, growth and potential for management for timber, New Zealand J. Forest Sci., 40, 33–59, 2010.
Stone, E. L. and Kalisz, P. J.: On the maximum extent of tree roots, Forest Ecol. Manage., 46, 59–102, 1991.
Subke, J., Inglima, I., and Cotrufo, M. F.: Trends and methodological impacts in soil CO2 efflux partitioning: A metaanalytical review, Global Change Biol., 12, 921–943, 2006.
Sulzman, E. W., Brant, J. B., Bowden, R. D., and Lajtha, K.: Contribution of aboveground litter, belowground litter, and rhizosphere respiration to total soil CO2 efflux in an old growth coniferous forest, Biogeochemistry, 73, 231–256, 2005.
Takahashi, M., Hirai, K., Limtong, P., Leaungvutivirog, C., Panuthai, S., Suksawang, S., Anusontpornperm, S., and Marod, D.: Topographic variation in heterotrophic and autotrophic soil respiration in a tropical seasonal forest in Thailand, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 57, 452–465, 2011.
Tang, J., Baldochi, D. D., Qi, Y., and Xu, L.: Assessing soil CO2 efflux using continuous measurements of CO2 within the soil profile with small solid-stat sensors, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 118, 207–220, 2003.
Tate, K. R., Ross, D. J., O'Brien, B. J., and Kelliher, F. M.: Carbon storage and turnover, and respiratory activity, in the litter and soil of an old-growth southern beech (Nothofagus) forest, Soil Biol. Biochem., 25, 1601–1612, 1993.
Taylor, A. J., Lai, C., Hopkins, F. M., Wharton, S., Bible, K., Xu, X., Phillips, C., Bush, S. and Ehleringer, J. R.: Radiocarbon-based partitioning of soil respiration in an old-growth coniferous forest, Ecosystems, 18, 459–470, 2015.
Than, D. J., Hughes, K. J. D., Boonhan, N., Tomlinson, J. A., Woodhall, J. W., and Bellgard, S. E.: A TaqMan real-time PCR assay for the detection of Phytophthora “taxon Agathis” in soil, pathogen of Kauri in New Zealand, Forest Pathol., 43, 324–330, 2013.
Thomas, G. M. and Ogden, J.: The scientific reserves of Auckland University. I. General introduction to their history, vegetation, climate and soils, Tane, 29, 143–162, 1983.
Trumbore, S.: Carbon respired by terrestrial ecosystems – Recent progress and challenges, Global Change Biol., 12, 141–153, 2006.
Urrutia-Jalabert, R.: Primary Productivity and Soil Respiration in Fitzroya Cupressoides Forests of Southern Chile and Their Environmental Controls, PhD Thesis, University of Oxford, Oxford, 2015.
Valentine, A. J. and Kleinert, A.: Respiratory responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal roots to short-term alleviation of P deficiency, Mycorrhiza, 17, 137–143, 2007.
van't Hoff, J. H.: Lectures on Theoretical and Physical Chemistry. Part I. Chemical Dynamics (translated by R. A. Lehfeldt), Edward Arnold, London, 224–229, 1898.
Verkaik, E. and Braakhekke, W. G.: Kauri trees (Agathis australis) affect nutrient, water and light availability for their seedlings, New Zealand J. Ecol., 31, 39–46, 2007.
Verkaik, E., Jongkind, A. G., and Berendse, F.: Short-term and long-term effects of tannins on nitrogen mineralisation and litter decomposition in kauri (Agathis australis (D. Don) Lindl.) forests, Plant Soil, 287, 337–345, 2006.
Verkaik, E., Gardner, R. O., and Braakhekke, W. G.: Site conditions affect seedling distribution below and outside the crown of Kauri trees (Agathis australis), New Zealand J. Ecol., 31, 13–21, 2007.
Vitousek, P., Chadwick, O. A., Matson, P., Allison, S., Derry, L., Kettley, L., Luers, A., Mecking, E., Monastra, V., and Porder S.: Erosion and the rejuvenation of weathering-derived nutrient supply in an old tropical landscape, Ecosystems, 6, 762–772, 2003.
Warren, J. M., Iversen, C. M., Garten Jr., C. T., Norby, R. J., Childs, J., Brice, D., Evans, R. M., Gu, L., Thornton, P., and Weston, D. J.: Timing and magnitude of C partitioning through a young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand using 13C labeling and shade treatments, Tree Physiol., 32, 799–813, 2012.
Weir, B. S., Paderes, E. P., Anand, N., Uchida, J. Y., Pennycook, S. R., Bellgard, S. E. and Beever, R. E.: A taxonomic revision of phytophthora clade 5 including two new species, Phytophthora agathidicida and P. cocois, Phytotaxa, 205, 21–38, 2015.
Whitlock, J. S.: Soil development in a kauri forest succession: Huapai scientific reserve, unpublished Master thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1985.
Wunder, J., Perry, G. L. W., and McCloskey, S. P. J.: Structure and composition of a mature kauri (Agathis australis) stand at Huapai Scientific Reserve, Waitakere Range, New Zealand Tree-Ring Site Rep., 33, 1–19, 2010.
Wyse, S. V. and Burns, B. R.: Effects of Agathis australis (New Zealand kauri) leaf litter on germination and seedling growth differs among plant species, New Zealand J. Ecol., 37, 178–183, 2013.
Wyse, S. V., Burns, B. R., and Wright, S. D.: Distinctive vegetation communities are associated with the long-lived conifer Agathis australis (New Zealand kauri, Araucariaceae) in New Zealand rainforests, Austral Ecol., 39, 388–400, 2014.
Xu, M. and Qi, Y.: Spatial and seasonal variations of Q10 determined by soil respiration measurements at a Sierra Nevadan forest, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 687–697, 2001.
Yoo, K., Amundson, R., Heimsath, A. M., and Dietrich, W. E.: Erosion of upland hillslope soil organic carbon: Coupling field measurements with a sediment transport model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB3003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002271, 2005.
Zalamea, M., Gonzalez, G., and Gould, W.: Comparing litterfall and standing vegetation: assessing the footprint of litterfall traps, in: Tropical Forests, edited by: Sudarshana, P., Nageswara-Rao, M., and Soneji, J. R., Intech, 21–36, available at: http://www.intechopen.com/books/tropical-forests (last access: 28 January 2015), 2012.
Zang, U., Goisser, M., Häberle, K., Matyssek, R., Matzner, E. and Borken, W.: Effects of drought stress on photosynthesis, rhizosphere respiration, and fine-root characteristics of beech saplings: A rhizotron field study, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 177, 168–177, 2014.
Short summary
This is the first study quantifying total soil CO2 efflux, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration in an old-growth kauri forest. Root biomass explained a high proportion of the spatial variation suggesting that soil CO2 efflux in this forest is not only directly affected by the amount of autotrophic respiration but also by the supply of C through roots and mycorrhiza. Our findings also suggest that biotic factors such as tree structure should be investigated in soil carbon related studies.
This is the first study quantifying total soil CO2 efflux, heterotrophic and autotrophic...
