Articles | Volume 1, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-235-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-235-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Review article
| Highlight paper
| 
11 Mar 2015
Review article | Highlight paper |
| 11 Mar 2015
The soil N cycle: new insights and key challenges
J. W. van Groenigen
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
D. Huygens
Isotope Bioscience Laboratory (ISOFYS), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal – IMBIV, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
P. Boeckx
Isotope Bioscience Laboratory (ISOFYS), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
Th. W. Kuyper
Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
I. M. Lubbers
Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
T. Rütting
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 460, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
P. M. Groffman
Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 2801 Sharon Turnpike, P.O. Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545-0129, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Aurora Patchett, Louise Rütting, Tobias Rütting, Samuel Bodé, Sara Hallin, Jaanis Juhanson, C. Florian Stange, Mats P. Björkman, Pascal Boeckx, Gunhild Rosqvist, and Robert G. Björk
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2179, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2179, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how different types of fungi and plant species affect nitrogen cycling in Arctic soils. By removing certain plants, we found that fungi associated with shrubs speed up nitrogen processes more than those with grasses. Dominant plant species enhance nitrogen recycling, while rare species increase nitrogen loss. These findings help predict how Arctic ecosystems respond to climate change, highlighting the importance of fungi and plant diversity in regulating ecosystem processes.
Inês Vieira, Félicien Meunier, Maria Carolina Duran Rojas, Stephen Sitch, Flossie Brown, Giacomo Gerosa, Silvano Fares, Pascal Boeckx, Marijn Bauters, and Hans Verbeeck
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1375, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1375, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
We used a computer model to study how ozone pollution reduces plant growth in six European forests, from Finland to Italy. Combining field data and simulations, we found that ozone can lower carbon uptake by up to 6 % each year, especially in Mediterranean areas. Our study shows that local climate and forest type influence ozone damage and highlights the need to include ozone effects in forest and climate models.
Roxanne Daelman, Marijn Bauters, Matti Barthel, Emmanuel Bulonza, Lodewijk Lefevre, José Mbifo, Johan Six, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Benjamin Wolf, Ralf Kiese, and Pascal Boeckx
Biogeosciences, 22, 1529–1542, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1529-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1529-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The increase in atmospheric concentrations of several greenhouse gases (GHGs) since 1750 is attributed to human activity. However, natural ecosystems, such as tropical forests, also contribute to GHG budgets. The Congo Basin hosts the second largest tropical forest and is understudied. In this study, measurements of soil GHG exchange were carried out during 16 months in a tropical forest in the Congo Basin. Overall, the soil acted as a major source of CO2 and N2O and a minor sink of CH4.
Astrid Françoys, Orly Mendoza, Junwei Hu, Pascal Boeckx, Wim Cornelis, Stefaan De Neve, and Steven Sleutel
SOIL, 11, 121–140, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-121-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-121-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To assess the impact of the groundwater table (GWT) depth on soil moisture and C mineralization, we designed a laboratory setup using 200 cm undisturbed soil columns. Surprisingly, the moisture increase induced by a shallower GWT did not result in enhanced C mineralization. We presume this upward capillary moisture effect was offset by increased C mineralization upon rewetting, particularly noticeable in drier soils when capillary rise affected the topsoil to a lesser extent due to a deeper GWT.
Antoine de Clippele, Astrid C. H. Jaeger, Simon Baumgartner, Marijn Bauters, Pascal Boeckx, Clement Botefa, Glenn Bush, Jessica Carilli, Travis W. Drake, Christian Ekamba, Gode Lompoko, Nivens Bey Mukwiele, Kristof Van Oost, Roland A. Werner, Joseph Zambo, Johan Six, and Matti Barthel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3313, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3313, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical forest soils as a large terrestrial source of carbon dioxide (CO2) contribute to the GHG budgets. Despite this, carbon flux data from forested wetlands is scarce in tropical Africa. The study presents three years of semi-continuous measurements of surface CO2 fluxes within the Congo Basin. Although no seasonal patterns were evident, our results showed a positive effect of soil temperature and soil moisture, while a quadratic relationship was observed with the water table level.
Flossie Brown, Gerd Folberth, Stephen Sitch, Paulo Artaxo, Marijn Bauters, Pascal Boeckx, Alexander W. Cheesman, Matteo Detto, Ninong Komala, Luciana Rizzo, Nestor Rojas, Ines dos Santos Vieira, Steven Turnock, Hans Verbeeck, and Alfonso Zambrano
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12537–12555, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12537-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12537-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone is a pollutant that is detrimental to human and plant health. Ozone monitoring sites in the tropics are limited, so models are often used to understand ozone exposure. We use measurements from the tropics to evaluate ozone from the UK Earth system model, UKESM1. UKESM1 is able to capture the pattern of ozone in the tropics, except in southeast Asia, although it systematically overestimates it at all sites. This work highlights that UKESM1 can capture seasonal and hourly variability.
Ruoyu Zhang, Lawrence E. Band, Peter M. Groffman, Laurence Lin, Amanda K. Suchy, Jonathan M. Duncan, and Arthur J. Gold
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4599–4621, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4599-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4599-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Human-induced nitrogen (N) from fertilization and septic effluents is the primary N source in urban watersheds. We developed a model to understand how spatial and temporal patterns of these loads affect hydrologic and biogeochemical processes at the hillslope level. The comparable simulations to observations showed the ability of our model to enhance insights into current water quality conditions, identify high-N-retention locations, and plan future restorations to improve urban water quality.
Joseph Okello, Marijn Bauters, Hans Verbeeck, Samuel Bodé, John Kasenene, Astrid Françoys, Till Engelhardt, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Ralf Kiese, and Pascal Boeckx
Biogeosciences, 20, 719–735, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-719-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-719-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The increase in global and regional temperatures has the potential to drive accelerated soil organic carbon losses in tropical forests. We simulated climate warming by translocating intact soil cores from higher to lower elevations. The results revealed increasing temperature sensitivity and decreasing losses of soil organic carbon with increasing elevation. Our results suggest that climate warming may trigger enhanced losses of soil organic carbon from tropical montane forests.
Flossie Brown, Gerd A. Folberth, Stephen Sitch, Susanne Bauer, Marijn Bauters, Pascal Boeckx, Alexander W. Cheesman, Makoto Deushi, Inês Dos Santos Vieira, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, James Haywood, James Keeble, Lina M. Mercado, Fiona M. O'Connor, Naga Oshima, Kostas Tsigaridis, and Hans Verbeeck
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12331–12352, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12331-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12331-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Surface ozone can decrease plant productivity and impair human health. In this study, we evaluate the change in surface ozone due to climate change over South America and Africa using Earth system models. We find that if the climate were to change according to the worst-case scenario used here, models predict that forested areas in biomass burning locations and urban populations will be at increasing risk of ozone exposure, but other areas will experience a climate benefit.
Caroline C. Clason, Will H. Blake, Nick Selmes, Alex Taylor, Pascal Boeckx, Jessica Kitch, Stephanie C. Mills, Giovanni Baccolo, and Geoffrey E. Millward
The Cryosphere, 15, 5151–5168, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5151-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5151-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our paper presents results of sample collection and subsequent geochemical analyses from the glaciated Isfallsglaciären catchment in Arctic Sweden. The data suggest that material found on the surface of glaciers,
cryoconite, is very efficient at accumulating products of nuclear fallout transported in the atmosphere following events such as the Chernobyl disaster. We investigate how this compares with samples in the downstream environment and consider potential environmental implications.
Laura Summerauer, Philipp Baumann, Leonardo Ramirez-Lopez, Matti Barthel, Marijn Bauters, Benjamin Bukombe, Mario Reichenbach, Pascal Boeckx, Elizabeth Kearsley, Kristof Van Oost, Bernard Vanlauwe, Dieudonné Chiragaga, Aimé Bisimwa Heri-Kazi, Pieter Moonen, Andrew Sila, Keith Shepherd, Basile Bazirake Mujinya, Eric Van Ranst, Geert Baert, Sebastian Doetterl, and Johan Six
SOIL, 7, 693–715, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-693-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-693-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a soil mid-infrared library with over 1800 samples from central Africa in order to facilitate soil analyses of this highly understudied yet critical area. Together with an existing continental library, we demonstrate a regional analysis and geographical extrapolation to predict total carbon and nitrogen. Our results show accurate predictions and highlight the value that the data contribute to existing libraries. Our library is openly available for public use and for expansion.
Heleen Deroo, Masuda Akter, Samuel Bodé, Orly Mendoza, Haichao Li, Pascal Boeckx, and Steven Sleutel
Biogeosciences, 18, 5035–5051, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5035-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5035-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed if and how incorporation of exogenous organic carbon (OC) such as straw could affect decomposition of native soil organic carbon (SOC) under different irrigation regimes. Addition of exogenous OC promoted dissolution of native SOC, partly because of increased Fe reduction, leading to more net release of Fe-bound SOC. Yet, there was no proportionate priming of SOC-derived DOC mineralisation. Water-saving irrigation can retard both priming of SOC dissolution and mineralisation.
Sebastian Doetterl, Rodrigue K. Asifiwe, Geert Baert, Fernando Bamba, Marijn Bauters, Pascal Boeckx, Benjamin Bukombe, Georg Cadisch, Matthew Cooper, Landry N. Cizungu, Alison Hoyt, Clovis Kabaseke, Karsten Kalbitz, Laurent Kidinda, Annina Maier, Moritz Mainka, Julia Mayrock, Daniel Muhindo, Basile B. Mujinya, Serge M. Mukotanyi, Leon Nabahungu, Mario Reichenbach, Boris Rewald, Johan Six, Anna Stegmann, Laura Summerauer, Robin Unseld, Bernard Vanlauwe, Kristof Van Oost, Kris Verheyen, Cordula Vogel, Florian Wilken, and Peter Fiener
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4133–4153, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4133-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4133-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The African Tropics are hotspots of modern-day land use change and are of great relevance for the global carbon cycle. Here, we present data collected as part of the DFG-funded project TropSOC along topographic, land use, and geochemical gradients in the eastern Congo Basin and the Albertine Rift. Our database contains spatial and temporal data on soil, vegetation, environmental properties, and land management collected from 136 pristine tropical forest and cropland plots between 2017 and 2020.
Simon Baumgartner, Marijn Bauters, Matti Barthel, Travis W. Drake, Landry C. Ntaboba, Basile M. Bazirake, Johan Six, Pascal Boeckx, and Kristof Van Oost
SOIL, 7, 83–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-83-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-83-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We compared stable isotope signatures of soil profiles in different forest ecosystems within the Congo Basin to assess ecosystem-level differences in N cycling, and we examined the local effect of topography on the isotopic signature of soil N. Soil δ15N profiles indicated that the N cycling in in the montane forest is more closed, whereas the lowland forest and Miombo woodland experienced a more open N cycle. Topography only alters soil δ15N values in forests with high erosional forces.
Paula Alejandra Lamprea Pineda, Marijn Bauters, Hans Verbeeck, Selene Baez, Matti Barthel, Samuel Bodé, and Pascal Boeckx
Biogeosciences, 18, 413–421, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-413-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-413-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical forest soils are an important source and sink of greenhouse gases (GHGs) with tropical montane forests having been poorly studied. In this pilot study, we explored soil fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O in an Ecuadorian neotropical montane forest, where a net consumption of N2O at higher altitudes was observed. Our results highlight the importance of short-term variations in N2O and provide arguments and insights for future, more detailed studies on GHG fluxes from montane forest soils.
Lyla L. Taylor, Charles T. Driscoll, Peter M. Groffman, Greg H. Rau, Joel D. Blum, and David J. Beerling
Biogeosciences, 18, 169–188, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-169-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-169-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy involving soil amendments with silicate rock dust. Over 15 years, a small silicate application led to net CDR of 8.5–11.5 t CO2/ha in an acid-rain-impacted New Hampshire forest. We accounted for the total carbon cost of treatment and compared effects with an adjacent, untreated forest. Our results suggest ERW can improve the greenhouse gas balance of similar forests in addition to mitigating acid rain effects.
Simon Baumgartner, Matti Barthel, Travis William Drake, Marijn Bauters, Isaac Ahanamungu Makelele, John Kalume Mugula, Laura Summerauer, Nora Gallarotti, Landry Cizungu Ntaboba, Kristof Van Oost, Pascal Boeckx, Sebastian Doetterl, Roland Anton Werner, and Johan Six
Biogeosciences, 17, 6207–6218, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6207-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6207-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soil respiration is an important carbon flux and key process determining the net ecosystem production of terrestrial ecosystems. The Congo Basin lacks studies quantifying carbon fluxes. We measured soil CO2 fluxes from different forest types in the Congo Basin and were able to show that, even though soil CO2 fluxes are similarly high in lowland and montane forests, the drivers were different: soil moisture in montane forests and C availability in the lowland forests.
Hannes P. T. De Deurwaerder, Marco D. Visser, Matteo Detto, Pascal Boeckx, Félicien Meunier, Kathrin Kuehnhammer, Ruth-Kristina Magh, John D. Marshall, Lixin Wang, Liangju Zhao, and Hans Verbeeck
Biogeosciences, 17, 4853–4870, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4853-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4853-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The depths at which plants take up water is challenging to observe directly. To do so, scientists have relied on measuring the isotopic composition of xylem water as this provides information on the water’s source. Our work shows that this isotopic composition changes throughout the day, which complicates the interpretation of the water’s source and has been currently overlooked. We build a model to help understand the origin of these composition changes and their consequences for science.
Maha Deeb, Peter M. Groffman, Manuel Blouin, Sara Perl Egendorf, Alan Vergnes, Viacheslav Vasenev, Donna L. Cao, Daniel Walsh, Tatiana Morin, and Geoffroy Séré
SOIL, 6, 413–434, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-413-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-413-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The goal of this study was to discuss current methods to create soils adapted for various green infrastructure (GI) designs. Investigating these new soils for several design categories of GI will provide technical information for management and design agencies. Moreover, these studies can serve as pioneer experiments to prevent recurring errors and, thus, provide improved plant growth practices. Results show that these constructed soils have a high potential to provide multiple soil functions.
Long Ho, Ruben Jerves-Cobo, Matti Barthel, Johan Six, Samuel Bode, Pascal Boeckx, and Peter Goethals
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-311, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-311, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers are being polluted by human activities, especially in urban areas. We studied the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from an urban river system. The results showed a clear trend between water quality and GHG emissions in which the more polluted the sites were, the higher were their emissions. When river water quality worsened, its contribution to global warming can go up by 10 times. Urban rivers emitted 4-times more than of the amount of GHGs compared to rivers in natural sites.
Marco Pfeiffer, José Padarian, Rodrigo Osorio, Nelson Bustamante, Guillermo Federico Olmedo, Mario Guevara, Felipe Aburto, Francisco Albornoz, Monica Antilén, Elías Araya, Eduardo Arellano, Maialen Barret, Juan Barrera, Pascal Boeckx, Margarita Briceño, Sally Bunning, Lea Cabrol, Manuel Casanova, Pablo Cornejo, Fabio Corradini, Gustavo Curaqueo, Sebastian Doetterl, Paola Duran, Mauricio Escudey, Angelina Espinoza, Samuel Francke, Juan Pablo Fuentes, Marcel Fuentes, Gonzalo Gajardo, Rafael García, Audrey Gallaud, Mauricio Galleguillos, Andrés Gomez, Marcela Hidalgo, Jorge Ivelic-Sáez, Lwando Mashalaba, Francisco Matus, Francisco Meza, Maria de la Luz Mora, Jorge Mora, Cristina Muñoz, Pablo Norambuena, Carolina Olivera, Carlos Ovalle, Marcelo Panichini, Aníbal Pauchard, Jorge F. Pérez-Quezada, Sergio Radic, José Ramirez, Nicolás Riveras, Germán Ruiz, Osvaldo Salazar, Iván Salgado, Oscar Seguel, Maria Sepúlveda, Carlos Sierra, Yasna Tapia, Francisco Tapia, Balfredo Toledo, José Miguel Torrico, Susana Valle, Ronald Vargas, Michael Wolff, and Erick Zagal
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 457–468, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-457-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-457-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The CHLSOC database is the biggest soil organic carbon (SOC) database that has been compiled for Chile yet, comprising 13 612 data points. This database is the product of the compilation of numerous sources including unpublished and difficult-to-access data, allowing us to fill numerous spatial gaps where no SOC estimates were publicly available before. The values of SOC compiled in CHLSOC have a wide range, reflecting the variety of ecosystems that exists in Chile.
Daniel D. Richter, Sharon A. Billings, Peter M. Groffman, Eugene F. Kelly, Kathleen A. Lohse, William H. McDowell, Timothy S. White, Suzanne Anderson, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Steve Banwart, Susan Brantley, Jean J. Braun, Zachary S. Brecheisen, Charles W. Cook, Hilairy E. Hartnett, Sarah E. Hobbie, Jerome Gaillardet, Esteban Jobbagy, Hermann F. Jungkunst, Clare E. Kazanski, Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Daniel Markewitz, Katherine O'Neill, Clifford S. Riebe, Paul Schroeder, Christina Siebe, Whendee L. Silver, Aaron Thompson, Anne Verhoef, and Ganlin Zhang
Biogeosciences, 15, 4815–4832, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4815-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4815-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
As knowledge in biology and geology explodes, science becomes increasingly specialized. Given the overlap of the environmental sciences, however, the explosion in knowledge inevitably creates opportunities for interconnecting the biogeosciences. Here, 30 scientists emphasize the opportunities for biogeoscience collaborations across the world’s remarkable long-term environmental research networks that can advance science and engage larger scientific and public audiences.
Natalie Orlowski, Lutz Breuer, Nicolas Angeli, Pascal Boeckx, Christophe Brumbt, Craig S. Cook, Maren Dubbert, Jens Dyckmans, Barbora Gallagher, Benjamin Gralher, Barbara Herbstritt, Pedro Hervé-Fernández, Christophe Hissler, Paul Koeniger, Arnaud Legout, Chandelle Joan Macdonald, Carlos Oyarzún, Regine Redelstein, Christof Seidler, Rolf Siegwolf, Christine Stumpp, Simon Thomsen, Markus Weiler, Christiane Werner, and Jeffrey J. McDonnell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3619–3637, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3619-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3619-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To extract water from soils for isotopic analysis, cryogenic water extraction is the most widely used removal technique. This work presents results from a worldwide laboratory intercomparison test of cryogenic extraction systems. Our results showed large differences in retrieved isotopic signatures among participating laboratories linked to interactions between soil type and properties, system setup, extraction efficiency, extraction system leaks, and each lab’s internal accuracy.
Roland Baatz, Pamela L. Sullivan, Li Li, Samantha R. Weintraub, Henry W. Loescher, Michael Mirtl, Peter M. Groffman, Diana H. Wall, Michael Young, Tim White, Hang Wen, Steffen Zacharias, Ingolf Kühn, Jianwu Tang, Jérôme Gaillardet, Isabelle Braud, Alejandro N. Flores, Praveen Kumar, Henry Lin, Teamrat Ghezzehei, Julia Jones, Henry L. Gholz, Harry Vereecken, and Kris Van Looy
Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 593–609, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-593-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-593-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Focusing on the usage of integrated models and in situ Earth observatory networks, three challenges are identified to advance understanding of ESD, in particular to strengthen links between biotic and abiotic, and above- and below-ground processes. We propose developing a model platform for interdisciplinary usage, to formalize current network infrastructure based on complementarities and operational synergies, and to extend the reanalysis concept to the ecosystem and critical zone.
Marijn Bauters, Hans Verbeeck, Miro Demol, Stijn Bruneel, Cys Taveirne, Dries Van der Heyden, Landry Cizungu, and Pascal Boeckx
Biogeosciences, 14, 5313–5321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5313-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5313-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed community-weighted functional canopy traits and indicative δ15N shifts along two new altitudinal transects in the tropical forest biome of both South America and Africa. We found that the functional forest composition and δ15N response along both transects was parallel, with a species shift towards more nitrogen-conservative species at higher elevations.
Dane Dickinson, Samuel Bodé, and Pascal Boeckx
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4507–4519, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4507-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4507-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is an increasingly popular technology for isotope analysis of trace gases. However, most commercial CRDS instruments are designed for continuous gas sampling and cannot reliably measure small discrete samples. We present a novel technical adaptation that allows routine analysis of 50 mL syringed samples on an isotopic-CO2 CRDS unit. Our method offers excellent accuracy and precision, fast sample throughput, and is easily implemented in other CRDS instruments.
Lien De Wispelaere, Samuel Bodé, Pedro Hervé-Fernández, Andreas Hemp, Dirk Verschuren, and Pascal Boeckx
Biogeosciences, 14, 73–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-73-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-73-2017, 2017
Louise C. Andresen, Anna-Karin Björsne, Samuel Bodé, Leif Klemedtsson, Pascal Boeckx, and Tobias Rütting
SOIL, 2, 433–442, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-433-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-433-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In soil the constant transport of nitrogen (N) containing compounds from soil organic matter and debris out into the soil water, is controlled by soil microbes and enzymes that literally cut down polymers (such as proteins) into single amino acids (AA), hereafter microbes consume AAs and excrete ammonium back to the soil. We developed a method for analysing N turnover and flow of organic N, based on parallel 15N tracing experiments. The numerical model gives robust and simultaneous quantification.
L. C. Andresen, S. Bode, A. Tietema, P. Boeckx, and T. Rütting
SOIL, 1, 341–349, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-341-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-341-2015, 2015
S. Doetterl, J.-T. Cornelis, J. Six, S. Bodé, S. Opfergelt, P. Boeckx, and K. Van Oost
Biogeosciences, 12, 1357–1371, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1357-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1357-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We link the mineralogy of soils affected by erosion and deposition to the distribution of soil carbon fractions, their turnover and microbial activity. We show that the weathering status of soils and their history are controlling the stabilization of carbon with minerals. After burial, aggregated C is preserved more efficiently while non-aggregated C can be released and younger C re-sequestered more easily. Weathering changes the effectiveness of stabilization mechanism limiting this C sink.
D. Xue, P. Boeckx, and Z. Wang
Biogeosciences, 11, 5957–5967, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5957-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5957-2014, 2014
R. M. Rees, J. Augustin, G. Alberti, B. C. Ball, P. Boeckx, A. Cantarel, S. Castaldi, N. Chirinda, B. Chojnicki, M. Giebels, H. Gordon, B. Grosz, L. Horvath, R. Juszczak, Å. Kasimir Klemedtsson, L. Klemedtsson, S. Medinets, A. Machon, F. Mapanda, J. Nyamangara, J. E. Olesen, D. S. Reay, L. Sanchez, A. Sanz Cobena, K. A. Smith, A. Sowerby, M. Sommer, J. F. Soussana, M. Stenberg, C. F. E. Topp, O. van Cleemput, A. Vallejo, C. A. Watson, and M. Wuta
Biogeosciences, 10, 2671–2682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2671-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2671-2013, 2013
N. Gharahi Ghehi, C. Werner, K. Hufkens, R. Kiese, E. Van Ranst, D. Nsabimana, G. Wallin, L. Klemedtsson, K. Butterbach-Bahl, and P. Boeckx
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-1483-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-1483-2013, 2013
Revised manuscript not accepted
Related subject area
Soils and biogeochemical cycling
Isotopic exchangeability reveals that soil phosphate is mobilised by carboxylate anions, whereas acidification had the reverse effect
Calcium is associated with specific soil organic carbon decomposition products
Gradual drying of permafrost peat decreases carbon dioxide production in drier peat plateaus but not in wetter fens and bogs
Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus amendments on CO2 and CH4 production in peat soils of Scotty Creek, Northwest Territories: potential considerations for wildfire and permafrost thaw impacts on peatland carbon exchanges
Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of soil respiration in a bare-soil Mediterranean olive grove
Depth dependence of soil organic carbon additional storage capacity in different soil types by the 2050 target for carbon neutrality
Biochar reduces early-stage mineralization rates of plant residues more in coarse-textured soils than in fine-textured soils – an artificial-soil approach
Soil organic carbon mineralization is controlled by the application dose of exogenous organic matter
Effect of colloidal particle size on physicochemical properties and aggregation behaviors of two alkaline soils
Comprehensive increase in CO2 release by drying–rewetting cycles among Japanese forests and pastureland soils and exploring predictors of increasing magnitude
Mixed Signals: interpreting mixing patterns of different soil bioturbation processes through luminescence and numerical modelling
Interactions of fertilisation and crop productivity in soil nitrogen cycle microbiome and gas emissions
Freeze–thaw processes correspond to the protection–loss of soil organic carbon through regulating pore structure of aggregates in alpine ecosystems
Soil organic matter interactions along the elevation gradient of the James Ross Island (Antarctica)
Investigating the complementarity of thermal and physical soil organic carbon fractions
Methane oxidation potential of soils in a rubber plantation in Thailand affected by fertilization
Cultivation reduces quantities of mineral-organic associations in the form of amorphous coprecipitates
An ensemble estimate of Australian soil organic carbon using machine learning and process-based modelling
What is the stability of additional organic carbon stored thanks to alternative cropping systems and organic waste product application? A multi-method evaluation
Improving measurements of microbial growth, death, and turnover by accounting for extracellular DNA in soils
The influence of land use and management on the behaviour and persistence of soil organic carbon in a subtropical Ferralsol
Dissolved carbon flow to particulate organic carbon enhances soil carbon sequestration
Shifts in controls and abundance of particulate and mineral-associated organic matter fractions among subfield yield stability zones
The six rights of how and when to test for soil C saturation
Cover crops improve soil structure and change organic carbon distribution in macroaggregate fractions
Soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus storage in juniper–oak savanna: role of vegetation and geology
Organic matters, but inorganic matters too: column examination of elevated mercury sorption on low organic matter aquifer material using concentrations and stable isotope ratios
Contrasting potential for biological N2 fixation at three polluted central European Sphagnum peat bogs: combining the 15N2-tracer and natural-abundance isotope approaches
Soil organic carbon stocks did not change after 130 years of afforestation on a former Swiss Alpine pasture
Land inclination controls CO2 and N2O fluxes, but not CH4 uptake, in a temperate upland forest soil
Tropical Andosol organic carbon quality and degradability in relation to soil geochemistry as affected by land use
Elemental stoichiometry and Rock-Eval® thermal stability of organic matter in French topsoils
Oil-palm management alters the spatial distribution of amorphous silica and mobile silicon in topsoils
Semantics about soil organic carbon storage: DATA4C+, a comprehensive thesaurus and classification of management practices in agriculture and forestry
Forest liming in the face of climate change: the implications of restorative liming for soil organic carbon in mature German forests
Biotic factors dominantly determine soil inorganic carbon stock across Tibetan alpine grasslands
Effects of returning corn straw and fermented corn straw to fields on the soil organic carbon pools and humus composition
Soil nutrient contents and stoichiometry within aggregate size classes varied with tea plantation age and soil depth in southern Guangxi in China
Land use impact on carbon mineralization in well aerated soils is mainly explained by variations of particulate organic matter rather than of soil structure
Inclusion of biochar in a C dynamics model based on observations from an 8-year field experiment
Synergy between compost and cover crops in a Mediterranean row crop system leads to increased subsoil carbon storage
Phosphorus dynamics during early soil development in a cold desert: insights from oxygen isotopes in phosphate
Transformation of n-alkanes from plant to soil: a review
Heterotrophic soil respiration and carbon cycling in geochemically distinct African tropical forest soils
Soil organic carbon mobility in equatorial podzols: soil column experiments
Microbial activity responses to water stress in agricultural soils from simple and complex crop rotations
The role of geochemistry in organic carbon stabilization against microbial decomposition in tropical rainforest soils
Geogenic organic carbon in terrestrial sediments and its contribution to total soil carbon
Aluminous clay and pedogenic Fe oxides modulate aggregation and related carbon contents in soils of the humid tropics
Continental-scale controls on soil organic carbon across sub-Saharan Africa
Siobhan Staunton and Chiara Pistocchi
SOIL, 11, 389–394, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-389-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-389-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Mineral phosphate is a finite resource, so ways must be found to optimise the use of native soil P. We have used isotopic dilution to assess how acidification and the addition of citrate or oxalate modify the lability of soil P in four contrasting soils from the Mediterranean region. Acidification did not mobilise soil P, whereas both carboxylate anions promoted soil-P lability. This suggests that soil amendments and the choice of crops that exude carboxylates could optimise P nutrition.
Mike C. Rowley, Jasquelin Pena, Matthew A. Marcus, Rachel Porras, Elaine Pegoraro, Cyrill Zosso, Nicholas O. E. Ofiti, Guido L. B. Wiesenberg, Michael W. I. Schmidt, Margaret S. Torn, and Peter S. Nico
SOIL, 11, 381–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-381-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-381-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that calcium (Ca) preserves soil organic carbon (SOC) in acidic soils, challenging beliefs that their interactions were limited to near-neutral or alkaline soils. Using spectromicroscopy, we found that Ca was co-located with a specific fraction of carbon, rich in aromatic and phenolic groups. This association was disrupted when Ca was removed but was reformed during decomposition with added Ca. Overall, this suggests that Ca amendments could enhance SOC stability.
Aelis Spiller, Cynthia M. Kallenbach, Melanie S. Burnett, David Olefeldt, Christopher Schulze, Roxane Maranger, and Peter M. J. Douglas
SOIL, 11, 371–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-371-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-371-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost peatlands are large reservoirs of carbon. As frozen permafrost thaws, drier peat moisture conditions can arise, affecting the microbial production of climate-warming greenhouse gases like CO2 and N2O. Our study suggests that future peat CO2 and N2O production depends on whether drier peat plateaus thaw into wetter fens or bogs and on their diverging responses of peat respiration to more moisture-limited conditions.
Eunji Byun, Fereidoun Rezanezhad, Stephanie Slowinski, Christina Lam, Saraswati Bhusal, Stephanie Wright, William L. Quinton, Kara L. Webster, and Philippe Van Cappellen
SOIL, 11, 309–321, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-309-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-309-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate how added nutrient nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) affect subarctic peatlands, we sampled peat soils from bog and fen type peatlands in the Northwest Territories, Canada, and measured CO2 and CH4 production rates by means of laboratory incubations. Our short-term experiments show that changes in nutrient concentrations in soil water can significantly affect microbial carbon cycling, suggesting the necessity of additional considerations of wildfire and permafrost thaw impacts on peatland carbon storage.
Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Penélope Serrano-Ortiz, Andrew S. Kowalski, and Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete
SOIL, 11, 213–232, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-213-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-213-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated soil respiration and the main factors involved in a semi-arid environment (olive grove). For this purpose, 1 year's worth of automatic multi-chamber measurements was used, accompanied by ecosystem respiration data obtained using the eddy covariance technique. The soil respiration annual balance, Q10 parameter, rain pulses, and spatial and temporal variability of soil respiration are presented in this paper.
Clémentine Chirol, Geoffroy Séré, Paul-Olivier Redon, Claire Chenu, and Delphine Derrien
SOIL, 11, 149–174, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-149-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-149-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work maps both current soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and the SOC that can be realistically added to soils over 25 years under a scenario of management strategies promoting plant productivity. We consider how soil type influences current and maximum SOC stocks regionally. Over 25 years, land use and management have the strongest influence on SOC accrual, but certain soil types have disproportionate SOC stocks at depths that need to be preserved.
Thiago M. Inagaki, Simon Weldon, Franziska B. Bucka, Eva Farkas, and Daniel P. Rasse
SOIL, 11, 141–147, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-141-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-141-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we investigated how biochar, a potential C sequestration tool, affects early carbon storage in different soils. We created artificial soils to isolate the impact of soil texture. We found that biochar significantly reduces plant residue’s breakdown in all soil textures but mainly in sandy soils, which naturally hold less carbon. This suggests that biochar could be a valuable tool for improving soil health, especially in sandy soils.
Orly Mendoza, Stefaan De Neve, Heleen Deroo, Haichao Li, Astrid Françoys, and Steven Sleutel
SOIL, 11, 105–119, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-105-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-105-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Farmers frequently apply fresh organic matter such as crop residues to soil to boost its carbon content. Yet, one burning question remains: does the quantity of applied organic matter affect its decomposition and that of native soil organic matter? Our experiment suggests that smaller application doses might deplete soil organic matter more rapidly, at least in coarser-textured soil. In contrast, applying intermediate or high doses might be a promising strategy for maintaining it.
Yuyang Yan, Xinran Zhang, Chenyang Xu, Junjun Liu, Feinan Hu, and Zengchao Geng
SOIL, 11, 85–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-85-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-85-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The differences in organic matter contents and clay mineralogy are the fundamental reasons for the differences in colloidal suspension stability behind the size effects of Anthrosol and Calcisol colloids. The present study revealed the size effects of two alkaline soil colloids on carbon content, clay minerals, surface properties and suspension stability, emphasizing that soil nanoparticles are prone to be more stably dispersed instead of being aggregated.
Yuri Suzuki, Syuntaro Hiradate, Jun Koarashi, Mariko Atarashi-Andoh, Takumi Yomogida, Yuki Kanda, and Hirohiko Nagano
SOIL, 11, 35–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-35-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-35-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We incubated 10 Japanese soils to study CO2 release under drying–rewetting cycles (DWCs). CO2 release was increased by DWCs among all soils, showing soil-by-soil variations in CO2 release increase magnitude. The organo-Al complex was the primary predictor for the increase magnitude, suggesting vulnerability of carbon protection by reactive minerals against DWCs. Microbial biomass decrease by DWCs was also suggested, although its link with the CO2 release increase is still unclear.
W. Marijn van der Meij, Svenja Riedesel, and Tony Reimann
SOIL, 11, 51–66, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-51-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-51-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Soil mixing (bioturbation) plays a key role in soil functions, but the underlying processes are poorly understood and difficult to quantify. In this study, we use luminescence, a light-sensitive soil mineral property, and numerical models to better understand different types of bioturbation. We provide a conceptual model that helps to determine which types of bioturbation processes occur in a soil and a numerical model that can derive quantitative process rates from luminescence measurements.
Laura Kuusemets, Ülo Mander, Jordi Escuer-Gatius, Alar Astover, Karin Kauer, Kaido Soosaar, and Mikk Espenberg
SOIL, 11, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-1-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated relationships between mineral nitrogen (N) fertilisation rates and additional manure amendment with different crop types through an analysis of soil environmental characteristics and microbiomes, soil N2O and N2 emissions as well as biomass production. The results show that wheat grew well at a fertilisation rate of 80 kg N ha−1, and newly introduced sorghum showed good potential for cultivation in temperate climates.
Ruizhe Wang and Xia Hu
SOIL, 10, 859–871, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-859-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-859-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study characterized pore structure and soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions of aggregates during the seasonal freeze–thaw process. Freezing was associated with SOC accumulation, while the early stage of thawing was characterized by SOC loss. In the freezing period, pore structure could enhance SOC accumulation by promoting formation of > 80 μm pores. In the thawing period, pores of < 15 μm might inhibit SOC loss. These results present new perspectives on soil microstructure–SOC interactions.
Vítězslav Vlček, David Juřička, Martin Valtera, Helena Dvořáčková, Vojtěch Štulc, Michaela Bednaříková, Jana Šimečková, Peter Váczi, Miroslav Pohanka, Pavel Kapler, Miloš Barták, and Vojtěch Enev
SOIL, 10, 813–826, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-813-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-813-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this work was to evaluate the correlation between soil organic carbon (SOC) and various soil properties. Nine plots across an altitudinal range from 10 to 320 m were investigated in the deglaciated region of James Ross Island (Antarctica). Our results indicate that the primary factor influencing the SOC content is likely not altitude or coarse-fraction content; rather, other hard-to-quantify factors, such as the presence of liquid water during the summer period, impact SOC content.
Amicie A. Delahaie, Lauric Cécillon, Marija Stojanova, Samuel Abiven, Pierre Arbelet, Dominique Arrouays, François Baudin, Antonio Bispo, Line Boulonne, Claire Chenu, Jussi Heinonsalo, Claudy Jolivet, Kristiina Karhu, Manuel Martin, Lorenza Pacini, Christopher Poeplau, Céline Ratié, Pierre Roudier, Nicolas P. A. Saby, Florence Savignac, and Pierre Barré
SOIL, 10, 795–812, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-795-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-795-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper compares the soil organic carbon fractions obtained from a new thermal fractionation scheme and a well-known physical fractionation scheme on an unprecedented dataset of French topsoil samples. For each fraction, we use a machine learning model to determine its environmental drivers (pedology, climate, and land cover). Our results suggest that these two fractionation schemes provide different fractions, which means they provide complementary information.
Jun Murase, Kannika Sajjaphan, Chatprawee Dechjiraratthanasiri, Ornuma Duangngam, Rawiwan Chotiphan, Wutthida Rattanapichai, Wakana Azuma, Makoto Shibata, Poonpipope Kasemsap, and Daniel Epron
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2937, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical forest soils are vital for methane uptake, but deforestation and agriculture can alter soil methane oxidation. An experiment in Thailand shows that fertilization significantly suppresses methane oxidation in rubber plantation soils, affecting depths up to 60 cm. Without fertilization, deeper soil layers (below 10 cm) actively oxidize methane. These findings suggest that fertilization negatively impacts the methane uptake capacity of deep-layer soils in rubber plantations.
Floriane Jamoteau, Emmanuel Doelsch, Nithavong Cam, Clément Levard, Thierry Woignier, Adrien Boulineau, François Saint-Antonin, Sufal Swaraj, Ghislain Gassier, Adrien Duvivier, Daniel Borschneck, Marie-Laure Pons, Perrine Chaurand, Vladimir Vidal, Nicolas Brouilly, and Isabelle Basile-Doelsch
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2933, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2933, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that cultivating natural soils disrupts crucial mineral-organic associations, leading to carbon loss and reduced soil fertility. By analyzing soil samples from a forest and crop andosols, we found that these associations exist as amorphous coprecipitates (nanoCLICs). Cultivation reduces quantities of nanoCLICs by 50 %, highlighting their vulnerability to environmental changes and the need to develop strategies to preserve them to maintain soil fertility.
Lingfei Wang, Gab Abramowitz, Ying-Ping Wang, Andy Pitman, and Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel
SOIL, 10, 619–636, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-619-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-619-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Effective management of soil organic carbon (SOC) requires accurate knowledge of its distribution and factors influencing its dynamics. We identify the importance of variables in spatial SOC variation and estimate SOC stocks in Australia using various models. We find there are significant disparities in SOC estimates when different models are used, highlighting the need for a critical re-evaluation of land management strategies that rely on the SOC distribution derived from a single approach.
Tchodjowiè P. I. Kpemoua, Pierre Barré, Sabine Houot, François Baudin, Cédric Plessis, and Claire Chenu
SOIL, 10, 533–549, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-533-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-533-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Several agroecological management options foster soil organic C stock accrual. What is behind the persistence of this "additional" C? We used three different methodological approaches and >20 years of field experiments under temperate conditions to find out. We found that the additional C is less stable at the pluri-decadal scale than the baseline C. This highlights the need to maintain agroecological practices to keep these carbon stocks at a high level over time.
Jörg Schnecker, Theresa Böckle, Julia Horak, Victoria Martin, Taru Sandén, and Heide Spiegel
SOIL, 10, 521–531, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-521-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-521-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Microbial processes are driving the formation and decomposition of soil organic matter. In contrast to respiration and growth, microbial death rates currently lack distinct methods to be determined. Here, we propose a new approach to measure microbial death rates. This new approach to determine microbial death rates as well as dynamics of intracellular and extracellular DNA separately will help to improve concepts and models of C dynamics in soils in the future.
Laura Hondroudakis, Peter M. Kopittke, Ram C. Dalal, Meghan Barnard, and Zhe H. Weng
SOIL, 10, 451–465, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-451-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-451-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Land use change to cropping is known to greatly reduced organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations, but much remains unknown about the mechanisms influencing their persistence in soil. In a soil from a subtropical Australian cropping system, we demonstrate that organic carbon is protected by mineral associations but not particulate forms. Importantly, we also show that reversion from cropping to pasture or plantation can partially restore this organic carbon.
Qintana Si, Kangli Chen, Bin Wei, Yaowen Zhang, Xun Sun, and Junyi Liang
SOIL, 10, 441–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-441-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-441-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our soil incubation experiment demonstrates that dissolved labile carbon substrate is a significant contributor to the soil particulate organic carbon pool. Dissolved carbon flow to particulate organic carbon is regulated by microbial biomass carbon and soil texture. The soil carbon model underestimates soil carbon sequestration when carbon flow from dissolved substrates to particulate organic carbon through microbial processes is not considered.
Sam J. Leuthold, Jocelyn M. Lavallee, Bruno Basso, William F. Brinton, and M. Francesca Cotrufo
SOIL, 10, 307–319, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-307-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-307-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We examined physical soil organic matter fractions to understand their relationship to temporal variability in crop yield at field scale. We found that interactions between crop productivity, topography, and climate led to variability in soil organic matter stocks among different yield stability zones. Our results imply that linkages between soil organic matter and yield stability may be scale-dependent and that particulate organic matter may be an indicator of unstable areas within croplands.
Johan Six, Sebastian Doetterl, Moritz Laub, Claude R. Müller, and Marijn Van de Broek
SOIL, 10, 275–279, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-275-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-275-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Soil C saturation has been tested in several recent studies and led to a debate about its existence. We argue that, to test C saturation, one should pay attention to six fundamental principles: the right measures, the right units, the right dispersive energy and application, the right soil type, the right clay type, and the right saturation level. Once we take care of those six rights across studies, we find support for a maximum of C stabilized by minerals and thus soil C saturation.
Norman Gentsch, Florin Laura Riechers, Jens Boy, Dörte Schweneker, Ulf Feuerstein, Diana Heuermann, and Georg Guggenberger
SOIL, 10, 139–150, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-139-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-139-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cover crops have substantial impacts on soil properties, but so far it is not clear how long a legacy effect of cover cropping will remain in the soil. We found that cover crops attenuate negative effects on soil structure that come from soil cultivation. The combination of plants with different litter qualities and rhizodeposits in biodiverse cover crop mixtures can improve the positive effects of cover cropping on soil structure amelioration.
Che-Jen Hsiao, Pedro A. M. Leite, Ayumi Hyodo, and Thomas W. Boutton
SOIL, 10, 93–108, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-93-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-93-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tree cover has increased in grasslands worldwide, with juniper and oak trees expanding in the southern Great Plains, USA. Here, we examine how these changes interact with geology to affect soil C, N, and P storage. Soil concentrations of these elements were significantly higher under trees than grasslands but increased more under trees growing on Edwards soils. Our results suggest that geology and vegetation change should be considered when predicting soil storage in dryland ecosystems globally.
David S. McLagan, Carina Esser, Lorenz Schwab, Jan G. Wiederhold, Jan-Helge Richard, and Harald Biester
SOIL, 10, 77–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-77-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-77-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sorption of mercury in soils, aquifer materials, and sediments is primarily linked to organic matter. Using column experiments, mercury concentration, speciation, and stable isotope analyses, we show that large quantities of mercury in soil water and groundwater can be sorbed to inorganic minerals; sorption to the solid phase favours lighter isotopes. Data provide important insights on the transport and fate of mercury in soil–groundwater systems and particularly in low-organic-matter systems.
Marketa Stepanova, Martin Novak, Bohuslava Cejkova, Ivana Jackova, Frantisek Buzek, Frantisek Veselovsky, Jan Curik, Eva Prechova, Arnost Komarek, and Leona Bohdalkova
SOIL, 9, 623–640, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-623-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-623-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Biological N2 fixation helps to sustain carbon accumulation in peatlands and to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. Changes in N2 fixation may affect the dynamics of global change. Increasing inputs of reactive N from air pollution should lead to downregulation of N2 fixation. Data from three N-polluted peat bogs show an interplay of N2-fixation rates with 10 potential drivers of this process. N2 fixation was measurable only at one site characterized by high phosphorus and low sulfate availability.
Tatjana C. Speckert, Jeannine Suremann, Konstantin Gavazov, Maria J. Santos, Frank Hagedorn, and Guido L. B. Wiesenberg
SOIL, 9, 609–621, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-609-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-609-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is key player in the global carbon cycle. Afforestation on pastures potentially alters organic matter input and SOC sequestration. We investigated the effects of a Picea abies L. afforestation sequence (0 to 130 years) on a former subalpine pasture on SOC stocks and dynamics. We found no difference in the SOC stock after 130 years of afforestation and thus no additional SOC sequestration. SOC composition was altered due to a modified SOC input following afforestation.
Lauren M. Gillespie, Nathalie Y. Triches, Diego Abalos, Peter Finke, Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Stephan Glatzel, and Eugenio Díaz-Pinés
SOIL, 9, 517–531, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-517-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-517-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Forest soil is potentially an important source or sink of greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, and CH4), but this is affected by soil conditions. We studied how land inclination and soil/litter properties influence the flux of these gases. CO2 and N2O were more affected by inclination than CH4; all were affected by soil/litter properties. This study underlines the importance of inclination and soil/litter properties in predicting greenhouse gas fluxes from forest soil and potential source–sink balance.
Sastrika Anindita, Peter Finke, and Steven Sleutel
SOIL, 9, 443–459, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-443-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-443-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated how land use, through its impact on soil geochemistry, might indirectly control soil organic carbon (SOC) content in tropical volcanic soils in Indonesia. We analyzed SOC fractions, substrate-specific mineralization, and net priming of SOC. Our results indicated that the enhanced formation of aluminum (hydr)oxides promoted aggregation and physical occlusion of OC, which is consistent with the lesser degradability of SOC in agricultural soils.
Amicie A. Delahaie, Pierre Barré, François Baudin, Dominique Arrouays, Antonio Bispo, Line Boulonne, Claire Chenu, Claudy Jolivet, Manuel P. Martin, Céline Ratié, Nicolas P. A. Saby, Florence Savignac, and Lauric Cécillon
SOIL, 9, 209–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-209-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-209-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized organic matter in French soils by analysing samples from the French RMQS network using Rock-Eval thermal analysis. We found that thermal analysis is appropriate to characterize large set of samples (ca. 2000) and provides interpretation references for Rock-Eval parameter values. This shows that organic matter in managed soils is on average more oxidized and more thermally stable and that some Rock-Eval parameters are good proxies for organic matter biogeochemical stability.
Britta Greenshields, Barbara von der Lühe, Harold J. Hughes, Christian Stiegler, Suria Tarigan, Aiyen Tjoa, and Daniela Sauer
SOIL, 9, 169–188, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-169-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-169-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Silicon (Si) research could provide complementary measures in sustainably cultivating oil-palm monocultures. Our study shows that current oil-palm management practices and topsoil erosion on oil-palm plantations in Indonesia have caused a spatial distribution of essential Si pools in soil. A lack of well-balanced Si levels in topsoil could negatively affect crop yield and soil fertility for future replanting at the same plantation site. Potential measures are suggested to maintain Si cycling.
Kenji Fujisaki, Tiphaine Chevallier, Antonio Bispo, Jean-Baptiste Laurent, François Thevenin, Lydie Chapuis-Lardy, Rémi Cardinael, Christine Le Bas, Vincent Freycon, Fabrice Bénédet, Vincent Blanfort, Michel Brossard, Marie Tella, and Julien Demenois
SOIL, 9, 89–100, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-89-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-89-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a first comprehensive thesaurus for management practices driving soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. So far, a comprehensive thesaurus of management practices in agriculture and forestry has been lacking. It will help to merge datasets, a promising way to evaluate the impacts of management practices in agriculture and forestry on SOC. Identifying the drivers of SOC stock changes is of utmost importance to contribute to global challenges (climate change, food security).
Oliver van Straaten, Larissa Kulp, Guntars O. Martinson, Dan Paul Zederer, and Ulrike Talkner
SOIL, 9, 39–54, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-39-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-39-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Across northern Europe, millions of hectares of forest have been limed to counteract soil acidification and restore forest ecosystems. In this study, we investigated how restorative liming affects the forest soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and correspondingly ecosystem greenhouse gas fluxes. We found that the magnitude and direction of SOC stock changes hinge on the inherent site characteristics, namely, forest type, soil texture, initial soil pH, and initial soil SOC stocks (before liming).
Junxiao Pan, Jinsong Wang, Dashuan Tian, Ruiyang Zhang, Yang Li, Lei Song, Jiaming Yang, Chunxue Wei, and Shuli Niu
SOIL, 8, 687–698, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-687-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-687-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We found that climatic, edaphic, plant and microbial variables jointly affect soil inorganic carbon (SIC) stock in Tibetan grasslands, and biotic factors have a larger contribution than abiotic factors to the variation in SIC stock. The effects of microbial and plant variables on SIC stock weakened with soil depth, while the effects of edaphic variables strengthened. The contrasting responses and drivers of SIC stock highlight differential mechanisms underlying SIC preservation with soil depth.
Yifeng Zhang, Sen Dou, Batande Sinovuyo Ndzelu, Rui Ma, Dandan Zhang, Xiaowei Zhang, Shufen Ye, and Hongrui Wang
SOIL, 8, 605–619, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-605-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-605-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
How to effectively convert corn straw into humic substances and return them to the soil in a relatively stable form is a concerning topic. Through a 360 d field experiment under equal carbon (C) mass, we found that return of the fermented corn straw treated with Trichoderma reesei to the field is more valuable and conducive to increasing easily oxidizable organic C, humus C content, and carbon pool management index than the direct application of corn straw.
Ling Mao, Shaoming Ye, and Shengqiang Wang
SOIL, 8, 487–505, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-487-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-487-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soil ecological stoichiometry offers a tool to explore the distribution, cycling, limitation, and balance of chemical elements. This study improved the understanding of soil organic carbon and nutrient dynamics in tea plantation ecosystems and also provided supplementary information for soil ecological stoichiometry in global terrestrial ecosystems.
Steffen Schlüter, Tim Roussety, Lena Rohe, Vusal Guliyev, Evgenia Blagodatskaya, and Thomas Reitz
SOIL, 8, 253–267, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-253-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-253-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We combined microstructure analysis via X-ray CT with carbon mineralization analysis via respirometry of intact soil cores from different land uses. We found that the amount of particulate organic matter (POM) exerted a dominant control on carbon mineralization in well-aerated topsoils, whereas soil moisture and macroporosity did not play role. This is because carbon mineralization mainly occurs in microbial hotspots around degrading POM, where it is decoupled from conditions of the bulk soil.
Roberta Pulcher, Enrico Balugani, Maurizio Ventura, Nicolas Greggio, and Diego Marazza
SOIL, 8, 199–211, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-199-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-199-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biochar, a solid product from the thermal conversion of biomass, can be used as a climate change mitigation strategy, since it can sequester carbon from the atmosphere and store it in the soil. The aim of this study is to assess the potential of biochar as a mitigation strategy in the long term, by modelling the results obtained from an 8-year field experiment. As far as we know, this is the first time that a model for biochar degradation has been validated with long-term field data.
Daniel Rath, Nathaniel Bogie, Leonardo Deiss, Sanjai J. Parikh, Daoyuan Wang, Samantha Ying, Nicole Tautges, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Teamrat A. Ghezzehei, and Kate M. Scow
SOIL, 8, 59–83, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-59-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-59-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Storing C in subsoils can help mitigate climate change, but this requires a better understanding of subsoil C dynamics. We investigated changes in subsoil C storage under a combination of compost, cover crops (WCC), and mineral fertilizer and found that systems with compost + WCC had ~19 Mg/ha more C after 25 years. This increase was attributed to increased transport of soluble C and nutrients via WCC root pores and demonstrates the potential for subsoil C storage in tilled agricultural systems.
Zuzana Frkova, Chiara Pistocchi, Yuliya Vystavna, Katerina Capkova, Jiri Dolezal, and Federica Tamburini
SOIL, 8, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Phosphorus (P) is essential for life. We studied microbial processes driving the P cycle in soils developed on the same rock but with different ages (0–100 years) in a cold desert. Compared to previous studies under cold climate, we found much slower weathering of P-containing minerals of soil development, likely due to aridity. However, microbes dominate short-term dynamics and progressively redistribute P from the rock into more available forms, making it available for plants at later stages.
Carrie L. Thomas, Boris Jansen, E. Emiel van Loon, and Guido L. B. Wiesenberg
SOIL, 7, 785–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-785-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-785-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Plant organs, such as leaves, contain a variety of chemicals that are eventually deposited into soil and can be useful for studying organic carbon cycling. We performed a systematic review of available data of one type of plant-derived chemical, n-alkanes, to determine patterns of degradation or preservation from the source plant to the soil. We found that while there was degradation in the amount of n-alkanes from plant to soil, some aspects of the chemical signature were preserved.
Benjamin Bukombe, Peter Fiener, Alison M. Hoyt, Laurent K. Kidinda, and Sebastian Doetterl
SOIL, 7, 639–659, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-639-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-639-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Through a laboratory incubation experiment, we investigated the spatial patterns of specific maximum heterotrophic respiration in tropical African mountain forest soils developed from contrasting parent material along slope gradients. We found distinct differences in soil respiration between soil depths and geochemical regions related to soil fertility and the chemistry of the soil solution. The topographic origin of our samples was not a major determinant of the observed rates of respiration.
Patricia Merdy, Yves Lucas, Bruno Coulomb, Adolpho J. Melfi, and Célia R. Montes
SOIL, 7, 585–594, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-585-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-585-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Transfer of organic C from topsoil to deeper horizons and the water table is little documented, especially in equatorial environments, despite high primary productivity in the evergreen forest. Using column experiments with podzol soil and a percolating solution sampled in an Amazonian podzol area, we show how the C-rich Bh horizon plays a role in natural organic matter transfer and Si, Fe and Al mobility after a kaolinitic layer transition, thus giving insight to the genesis of tropical podzol.
Jörg Schnecker, D. Boone Meeden, Francisco Calderon, Michel Cavigelli, R. Michael Lehman, Lisa K. Tiemann, and A. Stuart Grandy
SOIL, 7, 547–561, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-547-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-547-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Drought and flooding challenge agricultural systems and their management globally. Here we investigated the response of soils from long-term agricultural field sites with simple and diverse crop rotations to either drought or flooding. We found that irrespective of crop rotation complexity, soil and microbial properties were more resistant to flooding than to drought and highly resilient to drought and flooding during single or repeated stress pulses.
Mario Reichenbach, Peter Fiener, Gina Garland, Marco Griepentrog, Johan Six, and Sebastian Doetterl
SOIL, 7, 453–475, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-453-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-453-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In deeply weathered tropical rainforest soils of Africa, we found that patterns of soil organic carbon stocks differ between soils developed from geochemically contrasting parent material due to differences in the abundance of organo-mineral complexes, the presence/absence of chemical stabilization mechanisms of carbon with minerals and the presence of fossil organic carbon from sedimentary rocks. Physical stabilization mechanisms by aggregation provide additional protection of soil carbon.
Fabian Kalks, Gabriel Noren, Carsten W. Mueller, Mirjam Helfrich, Janet Rethemeyer, and Axel Don
SOIL, 7, 347–362, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-347-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-347-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sedimentary rocks contain organic carbon that may end up as soil carbon. However, this source of soil carbon is overlooked and has not been quantified sufficiently. We analysed 10 m long sediment cores with three different sedimentary rocks. All sediments contain considerable amounts of geogenic carbon contributing 3 %–12 % to the total soil carbon below 30 cm depth. The low 14C content of geogenic carbon can result in underestimations of soil carbon turnover derived from 14C data.
Maximilian Kirsten, Robert Mikutta, Didas N. Kimaro, Karl-Heinz Feger, and Karsten Kalbitz
SOIL, 7, 363–375, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-363-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-363-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mineralogical combinations of aluminous clay and pedogenic Fe oxides revealed significant effects on soil structure and related organic carbon (OC) storage.
The mineralogical combination resulting in the largest aggregate stability does not better preserve OC during conversion of forests into croplands.
Structural changes in the direction of smaller mean weight diameters do not cancel out the stabilizing effect of soil minerals.
Sophie F. von Fromm, Alison M. Hoyt, Markus Lange, Gifty E. Acquah, Ermias Aynekulu, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Stephan M. Haefele, Steve P. McGrath, Keith D. Shepherd, Andrew M. Sila, Johan Six, Erick K. Towett, Susan E. Trumbore, Tor-G. Vågen, Elvis Weullow, Leigh A. Winowiecki, and Sebastian Doetterl
SOIL, 7, 305–332, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated various soil and climate properties that influence soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations in sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings indicate that climate and geochemistry are equally important for explaining SOC variations. The key SOC-controlling factors are broadly similar to those for temperate regions, despite differences in soil development history between the two regions.
Cited articles
Alberton, O., Kuyper, T. W., and Gorissen, A.: Competition for nitrogen between Pinus sylvestris and ectomycorrhizal fungi generates potential for negative feedback under elevated CO2, Plant Soil, 296, 159–172, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9306-5, 2007.
Ambus, P., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., and Butterbach-Bahl, K.: Sources of nitrous oxide emitted from European forest soils, Biogeosciences, 3, 135–145, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-135-2006, 2006.
Averill, C., Turner, B. L., and Finzi, A. C.: Mycorrhiza-mediated competition between plants and decomposers drives soil carbon storage, Nature, 505, 543–545, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12901, 2014.
Baral, B. R., Kuyper, T. W., and Van Groenigen, J. W.: Liebig's law of the minimum applied to a greenhouse gas: alleviation of P-limitation reduces soil N2O emission, Plant Soil, 374, 539–548, 2014.
Bardgett, R. D. and Chan, K. F.: Experimental evidence that soil fauna enhance nutrient mineralization and plant nutrient uptake in montane grassland ecosystems, Soil Biol. Biochem., 31, 1007–1014, 1999.
Bardgett, R. D. and Wardle, D. A.: Aboveground-Belowground Linkages: Biotic Interactions, Ecosystem Processes, and Global Change, edited by: Bardgett, R. D. and Wardle, D. A., Oxford University Press, New York, USA, 320 pp., 2010.
Barraclough, D. and Puri, G.: The use of 15N pool dilution and enrichment to separate the heterotrophic and autotrophic pathways of nitrification, Soil Biol. Biochem., 27, 17–22, 1995.
Barron, A. R., Wurzburger, N., Bellenger, J. P., Wright, S. J., Kraepiel, A. M. L., and Hedin, L. O.: Molybdenum limitation of asymbiotic nitrogen fixation in tropical forest soils, Nat. Geosci., 2, 42–45, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo366, 2009.
Batterman, S. A., Hedin, L. O., van Breugel, M., Ransijn, J., Craven, D. J., and Hall, J. S.: Key role of symbiotic dinitrogen fixation in tropical forest secondary succession, Nature, 502, 224–227, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12525, 2013a.
Batterman, S. A., Wurzburger, N., and Hedin, L. O.: Nitrogen and phosphorus interact to control tropical symbiotic N-2 fixation: a test in Inga punctata, J. Ecol., 101, 1400–1408, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12138, 2013b.
Beaumont, H. J. E., van Schooten, B., Lens, S. I., Westerhoff, H. V., and van Spanning, R. J. M.: Nitrosomonas europaea expresses a nitric oxide reductase during nitrification, J. Bacteriol., 186, 4417–4421, https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.13.4417-4421.2004, 2004.
Bergaust, L., Bakken, L. R., and Frostegard, A.: Denitrification regulatory phenotype, a new term for the characterization of denitrifying bacteria, Biochem. Soc. T., 39, 207–212, https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0390207, 2011.
Bernal, S., Hedin, L. O., Likens, G. E., Gerber, S., and Buso, D. C.: Complex response of the forest nitrogen cycle to climate change, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 3406–3411, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1121448109, 2012.
Blagodatskaya, E., Littschwager, J., Lauerer, M., and Kuzyakov, Y.: Plant traits regulating N capture define microbial competition in the rhizosphere, Eur. J. Soil Biol., 61, 41–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2014.01.002, 2014.
Blouin, M., Hodson, M. E., Delgado, E. A., Baker, G., Brussaard, L., Butt, K. R., Dai, J., Dendooven, L., Peres, G., Tondoh, J. E., Cluzeau, D., and Brun, J. J.: A review of earthworm impact on soil function and ecosystem services, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 64, 161–182, https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12025, 2013.
Bödeker, I. T. M., Clemmensen, K. E., de Boer, W., Martin, F., Olson, A., and Lindahl, B. D.: Ectomycorrhizal Cortinarius species participate in enzymatic oxidation of humus in northern forest ecosystems, New Phytol., 203, 245–256, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12791, 2014.
Bouwman, A. F., Beusen, A. H. W., Griffioen, J., Van Groenigen, J. W., Hefting, M. M., Oenema, O., Van Puijenbroek, P., Seitzinger, S., Slomp, C. P., and Stehfest, E.: Global trends and uncertainties in terrestrial denitrification and N2O emissions, Philos. T. R. Soc. B , 368, 1621, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0112, 2013.
Boyer, E. W., Goodale, C. L., Jaworski, N. A., and Howarth, R. W.: Anthropogenic nitrogen sources and relationships to riverine nitrogen export in the northeastern USA, Biogeochemistry, 57, 137–169, 2002.
Bradford, M. A.: Good dirt with good friends, Nature, 505, 486–487, 2014.
Brookshire, E. N. J., Hedin, L. O., Newbold, J. D., Sigman, D. M., and Jackson, J. K.: Sustained losses of bioavailable nitrogen from montane tropical forests, Nat. Geosci., 5, 123–126, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1372, 2012.
Brown, G. G., Hendrix, P. F., and Beare, M. H.: Earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus) and the fate of 15N in surface-applied sorghum residues, Soil Biol. Biochem., 30, 1701–1705, 1998.
Burger, M. and Jackson, L. E.: Plant and microbial nitrogen use and turnover: Rapid conversion of nitrate to ammonium in soil with roots, Plant Soil, 266, 289–301, 2004.
Burgin, A. J. and Groffman, P. M.: Soil O2 controls denitrification rates and N2O yield in a riparian wetland, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 117, G01010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jg001799, 2012.
Burns, D. A., Boyer, E. W., Elliott, E. M., and Kendall, C.: Sources and transformations of nitrate from streams draining varying land uses: Evidence from dual isotope analysis, J. Environ. Qual., 38, 1149–1159, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0371, 2009.
Casciotti, K. L. and Ward, B. B.: Dissimilatory nitrite reductase genes from autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67, 2213–2221, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.5.2213-2221.2001, 2001.
Chapin, F. S., Zavaleta, E. S., Eviner, V. T., Naylor, R. L., Vitousek, P. M., Reynolds, H. L., Hooper, D. U., Lavorel, S., Sala, O. E., Hobbie, S. E., Mack, M. C., and Diaz, S.: Consequences of changing biodiversity, Nature, 405, 234–242, https://doi.org/10.1038/35012241, 2000.
Chen, Y., Randerson, J. T., van der Werf, G. R., Morton, D. C., Mu, M. Q., and Kasibhatla, P. S.: Nitrogen deposition in tropical forests from savanna and deforestation fires, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 2024–2038, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02156.x, 2010.
Cheng, W. X., Parton, W. J., Gonzalez-Meler, M. A., Phillips, R., Asao, S., McNickle, G. G., Brzostek, E., and Jastrow, J. D.: Synthesis and modeling perspectives of rhizosphere priming, New Phytol., 201, 31–44, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12440, 2014.
Churchland, C. and Grayston, S. J.: Specificity of plant-microbe interactions in the tree mycorrhizosphere biome and consequences for soil C cycling, Front. Microbiol., 5, 261, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00261, 2014.
Cleveland, C., Houlton, B., Neill, C., Reed, S., Townsend, A., and Wang, Y.: Using indirect methods to constrain symbiotic nitrogen fixation rates: a case study from an Amazonian rain forest, Biogeochemistry, 99, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9392-y, 2010.
Comas, L. H., Callahan, H. S., and Midford, P. E.: Patterns in root traits of woody species hosting arbuscular and ectomycorrhizas: implications for the evolution of belowground strategies, Ecol. Evol., 4, 2979–2990, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1147, 2014.
Compton, J. E., Harrison, J. A., Dennis, R. L., Greaver, T. L., Hill, B. H., Jordan, S. J., Walker, H., and Campbell, H. V.: Ecosystem services altered by human changes in the nitrogen cycle: a new perspective for US decision making, Ecol. Lett., 14, 804–815, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01631.x, 2011.
Cornelissen, J. H. C., Aerts, R., Cerabolini, B., Werger, M. J. A., and van der Heijden, M. G. A.: Carbon cycling traits of plant species are linked with mycorrhizal strategy, Oecologia, 129, 611–619, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100752, 2001.
Côrrea, A., Gurevitch, J., Martins-Loucao, M. A., and Cruz, C.: C allocation to the fungus is not a cost to the plant in ectomycorrhizae, Oikos, 121, 449–463, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19406.x, 2012.
Davidson, E. A., Hart, S. C., and Firestone, M. K.: Internal cycling of nitrate in soils of a mature coniferous forest, Ecology, 73, 1148–1156, 1992.
Davidson, E. A., David, M. B., Galloway, J. N., Goodale, C. L., Haeuber, R., Harrison, J. A., Howarth, R. W., Jaynes, D. B., Lowrance, R. R., Nolan, B. T., Peel, J. L., Pinder, R. W., Porter, E., Snyder, C. S., Townsend, A. R., and Ward, M. H.: Excess nitrogen in the U.S. environment: Trends, risks, and solutions, Ecology, 15, 1–16, 2012.
Decock, C. and Six, J.: How reliable is the intramolecular distribution of N-15 in N2O to source partition N2O emitted from soil?, Soil Biol. Biochem., 65, 114–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.05.012, 2013.
de Klein, C. A. M., Shepherd, M. A., and van der Weerden, T. J.: Nitrous oxide emissions from grazed grasslands: interactions between the N cycle and climate change – a New Zealand case study, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 9–10, 131–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.09.016, 2014.
De-la-Pena, C. and Vivanco, J. M.: Root-Microbe Interactions: The Importance of Protein Secretion, Curr. Proteomics, 7, 265–274, https://doi.org/10.2174/157016410793611819, 2010.
DeLuca, T. H., Zackrisson, O., Nilsson, M. C., and Sellstedt, A.: Quantifying nitrogen-fixation in feather moss carpets of boreal forests, Nature, 419, 917–920, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01051, 2002.
Dennis, P. G., Miller, A. J., and Hirsch, P. R.: Are root exudates more important than other sources of rhizodeposits in structuring rhizosphere bacterial communities?, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 72, 313–327, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00860.x, 2010.
De Ruiter, P. C., Van Veen, J. A., Moore, J. C., Brussaard, L., and Hunt, H. W.: Calculation of nitrogen mineralization in soil food webs, Plant Soil, 157, 263–273, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00011055, 1993.
De Ruiter, P. C., Neutel, A.-M., and Moore, J. C.: Energetics, Patterns of Interaction Strengths, and Stability in Real Ecosystems, Science, 269, 1257–1260, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5228.1257, 1995.
Desloover, J., Roobroeck, D., Heylen, K., Puig, S., Boeckx, P., Verstraete, W., and Boon, N.: Pathway of nitrous oxide consumption in isolated Pseudomonas stutzeri strains under anoxic and oxic conditions, Environ. Microbiol., 16, 3143–3152, https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12404, 2014.
De Vries, F. T. and Bardgett, R. D.: Plant-microbial linkages and ecosystem nitrogen retention: lessons for sustainable agriculture, Front. Ecol. Environ., 10, 425–432, https://doi.org/10.1890/110162, 2012.
Díaz, S., Fraser, L. H., Grime, J. P., and Falczuk, V.: The impact of elevated CO2 on plant-herbivore interactions: experimental evidence of moderating effects at the community level, Oecologia, 117, 177–186, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050646, 1998.
Dickie, I. A., Martinez-Garcia, L. B., Koele, N., Grelet, G. A., Tylianakis, J. M., Peltzer, D. A., and Richardson, S. J.: Mycorrhizas and mycorrhizal fungal communities throughout ecosystem development, Plant Soil, 367, 11–39, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1609-0, 2013.
Dijkstra, F. A., Morgan, J. A., Blumenthal, D., and Follett, R. F.: Water limitation and plant inter-specific competition reduce rhizosphere-induced C decomposition and plant N uptake, Soil Biol. Biochem., 42, 1073–1082, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.02.026, 2010.
Dijkstra, F. A., Carrillo, Y., Pendall, E., and Morgan, J. A.: Rhizosphere priming: a nutrient perspective, Front. Microbiol., 4, 216, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00216, 2013.
Dominguez, J., Bohlen, P. J., and Parmelee, R. W.: Earthworms increase nitrogen leaching to greater soil depths in row crop agroecosystems, Ecosystems, 7, 672–685, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0150-7, 2004.
Drake, H. L. and Horn, M. A.: Earthworms as a transient heaven for terrestrial denitrifying microbes: A review, Eng. Life Sci., 6, 261–265, 2006.
Drake, H. L. and Horn, M. A.: As the Worm Turns: The Earthworm Gut as a Transient Habitat for Soil Microbial Biomes, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 61, 169–189, 2007.
Drake, J. E., Gallet-Budynek, A., Hofmockel, K. S., Bernhardt, E. S., Billings, S. A., Jackson, R. B., Johnsen, K. S., Lichter, J., McCarthy, H. R., McCormack, M. L., Moore, D. J. P., Oren, R., Palmroth, S., Phillips, R. P., Pippen, J. S., Pritchard, S. G., Treseder, K. K., Schlesinger, W. H., DeLucia, E. H., and Finzi, A. C.: Increases in the flux of carbon belowground stimulate nitrogen uptake and sustain the long-term enhancement of forest productivity under elevated CO2, Ecol. Lett., 14, 349–357, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01593.x, 2011.
Duncan, J. M., Band, L. E., and Groffman, P. M.: Towards closing the watershed nitrogen budget: Spatial and temporal scaling of denitrification, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 118, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20090, 2013.
Elbert, W., Weber, B., Burrows, S., Steinkamp, J., Buedel, B., Andreae, M. O., and Poeschl, U.: Contribution of cryptogamic covers to the global cycles of carbon and nitrogen, Nat. Geosci., 5, 459–462, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1486, 2012.
European Commission – Joint Research Centre: EDGAR 4.2: Emissions database for global atmospheric research, available at: http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php (last access: 28 October 2014), 2014.
Farías, L., Faundez, J., Fernandez, C., Cornejo, M., Sanhueza, S., and Carrasco, C.: Biological N2O fixation in the eastern south pacific ocean and marine cyabobacterialk cultures, Plos One, 8, e63956, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063956, 2013.
Farrar, J., Hawes, M., Jones, D., and Lindow, S.: How roots control the flux of carbon to the rhizosphere, Ecology, 84, 827–837, 2003.
Finzi, A. C., Norby, R. J., Calfapietra, C., Gallet-Budynek, A., Gielen, B., Holmes, W. E., Hoosbeek, M. R., Iversen, C. M., Jackson, R. B., Kubiske, M. E., Ledford, J., Liberloo, M., Oren, R., Polle, A., Pritchard, S., Zak, D. R., Schlesinger, W. H., and Ceulemans, R.: Increases in nitrogen uptake rather than nitrogen-use efficiency support higher rates of temperate forest productivity under elevated CO2, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 14014–14019, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706518104, 2007.
Frank, D. A. and Groffman, P. M.: Plant rhizospheric N processes: what we don't know and why we should care, Ecology, 90, 1512–1519, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0789.1, 2009.
Franklin, O., Näsholm, T., Högberg, P., and Högberg, M. N.: Forests trapped in nitrogen limitation – an ecological market perspective on ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, New Phytol., 203, 657–666, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12840, 2014.
Fry, E. L., Power, S. A., and Manning, P.: Trait-based classification and manipulation of plant functional groups for biodiversity-ecosystem function experiments, J. Veg. Sci., 25, 248–261, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12068, 2014.
Galloway, J. N., Townsend, A. R., Erisman, J. W., Bekunda, M., Cai, Z. C., Freney, J. R., Martinelli, L. A., Seitzinger, S. P., and Sutton, M. A.: Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: Recent trends, questions, and potential solutions, Science, 320, 889–892, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136674, 2008.
Galloway, J. N., Leach, A. M., Bleeker, A., and Erisman, J. W.: A chronology of human understanding of the nitrogen cycle, Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 368, 11, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0120, 2013.
Garbeva, P., Baggs, E. M., and Prosser, J. I.: Phylogeny of nitrite reductase (nirK) and nitric oxide reductase (norB) genes from Nitrosospira species isolated from soil, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 266, 83–89, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00517.x, 2007.
Garcia-Palacios, P., Maestre, F. T., and Milla, R.: Community-aggregated plant traits interact with soil nutrient heterogeneity to determine ecosystem functioning, Plant Soil, 364, 119–129, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1349-6, 2013.
Gill, R. A. and Jackson, R. B.: Global patterns of root turnover for terrestrial ecosystems, New Phytol., 147, 13–31, 2000.
Gorham, E.: Biogeochemistry – its origins and development, Biogeochemistry, 13, 199–239, 1991.
Granli, T. and Bøckman, O. C.: Nitrous oxide from agriculture, Norw. J. Agric. Sci., Supplement No. 12, 1–128, 1994.
Grigulis, K., Lavorel, S., Krainer, U., Legay, N., Baxendale, C., Dumont, M., Kastl, E., Arnoldi, C., Bardgett, R. D., Poly, F., Pommier, T., Schloter, M., Tappeiner, U., Bahn, M., and Clément, J.-C.: Relative contributions of plant traits and soil microbial properties to mountain grassland ecosystem services, J. Ecol., 101, 47–57, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12014, 2013.
Grime, J. P.: Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: immediate, filter and founder effects, J. Ecol., 86, 902–906, 1998.
Grman, E. and Robinson, T. M. P.: Resource availability and imbalance affect plant-mycorrhizal interactions: a field test of three hypotheses, Ecology, 94, 62–71, 2013.
Groffman, P.: Terrestrial denitrification: challenges and opportunities, Ecol. Proc., 1, 20130112, https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-1709-1-11, 2012.
Groffman, P., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Fulweiler, R., Gold, A., Morse, J., Stander, E., Tague, C., Tonitto, C., and Vidon, P.: Challenges to incorporating spatially and temporally explicit phenomena (hotspots and hot moments) in denitrification models, Biogeochemistry, 92, 49–77, 2009.
Groffman, P. M.: Nitrogen balances at ecosystem, landscape, regional and global scales, in: Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils, edited by: Schepers, J. and Raun, W., Soil Science Society of America, Madison, 731–758, 2008.
Groffman, P. M., Altabet, M. A., Bohlke, J. K., Butterbach-Bahl, K., David, M. B., Firestone, M. K., Giblin, A. E., Kana, T. M., Nielsen, L. P., and Voytek, M. A.: Methods for measuring denitrification: Diverse approaches to a difficult problem, Ecol. Appl., 16, 2091–2122, 2006.
Gundale, M. J., Wardle, D. A., and Nilsson, M. C.: The effect of altered macroclimate on N-fixation by boreal feather mosses, Biol. Lett., 8, 805–808, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0429, 2012.
Hedin, L. O., Brookshire, E. N. J., Menge, D. N. L., and Barron, A. R.: The nitrogen paradox in tropical forest ecosystems, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. S., 40, 613–635, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110246, 2009.
Heemsbergen, D. A., Berg, M. P., Loreau, M., van Hal, J. R., Faber, J. H., and Verhoef, H. A.: Biodiversity effects on soil processes explained by interspecific functional dissimilarity, Science, 306, 1019–1020, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1101865, 2004.
Hobbie, E. A. and Högberg, P.: Nitrogen isotopes link mycorrhizal fungi and plants to nitrogen dynamics, New Phytol., 196, 367–382, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04300.x, 2012.
Hobbie, E. A., Ouimette, A. P., Schuur, E. A. G., Kierstead, D., Trappe, J. M., Bendiksen, K., and Ohenoja, E.: Radiocarbon evidence for the mining of organic nitrogen from soil by mycorrhizal fungi, Biogeochemistry, 114, 381–389, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-012-9779-z, 2013.
Hodge, A. and Fitter, A. H.: Substantial nitrogen acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from organic material has implications for N cycling, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 13754–13759, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1005874107, 2010.
Hodge, A. and Storer, K.: Arbuscular mycorrhiza and nitrogen: implications for individual plants through to ecosystems, Plant Soil, 386, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2162-1, 2015.
Hooper, A. B.: A nitrite-reducing enzyme from Nitosomonas Europaea – preliminary characterization with hydroxylamine as electron donor, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 162, 49–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(68)90213-2, 1968.
Houlton, B. Z., Sigman, D. M., and Hedin, L. O.: Isotopic evidence for large gaseous nitrogen losses from tropical rainforests, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 8745–8750, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0510185103, 2006.
Howarth, R. W., Billen, G., Swaney, D., Townsend, A., Jaworski, N., Lajtha, K., Downing, J. A., Elmgren, R., Caraco, N., Jordan, T., Berendse, F., Freney, J., Kudeyarov, V., Murdoch, P., and Zhu, Z. L.: Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N&P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: Natural and human influences, Biogeochemistry, 35, 75–139, 1996.
Huygens, D., Trimmer, M., Rütting, T., Müller, C., Heppell, C. M., Lansdown, K., and Boeckx, P.: Biogeochemical Nitrogen Cycling in Wetland Ecosystems: Nitrogen-15 Isotope Techniques, in: Methods in Biogeochemistry of Wetlands, edited by: DeLaune, R. D., Reddy, K. R., Richardson, C. J., and Megonigal, J. P., Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, 553–591, 2013.
Ishii, S., Ohno, H., Tsuboi, M., Otsuka, S., and Senoo, K.: Identification and isolation of active N2O reducers in rice paddy soil, ISME J., 5, 1936–1945, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.69, 2011.
Isobe, K. and Ohte, N.: Ecological perspectives on microbes involved in N-cycling, Microbiol. Environ., 29, 4–16, https://doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.ME13159, 2014.
Isobe, K., Koba, K., Suwa, Y., Ikutani, J., Kuroiwa, M., Fang, Y., Yoh, M., Mo, J., Otsuka, S., and Senoo, K.: Nitrite transformations in an N-saturated forest soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 52, 61–63, 2012.
Itakura, M., Uchida, Y., Akiyama, H., Hoshino, Y. T., Shimomura, Y., Morimoto, S., Tago, K., Wang, Y., Hayakawa, C., Uetake, Y., Sanchez, C., Eda, S., Hayatsu, M., and Minamisawa, K.: Mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions from soils by Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 208–212, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1734, 2013.
Jaeger, C. H., Lindow, S. E., Miller, S., Clark, E., and Firestone, M. K.: Mapping of sugar and amino acid availability in soil around roots with bacterial sensors of sucrose and Tryptophan, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65, 2685–2690, 1999.
Ji, R. and Brune, A.: Nitrogen mineralization, ammonia accumulation, and emission of gaseous NH3 by soil-feeding termites, Biogeochemistry, 78, 267–283, 2006.
Jones, C. M., Spor, A., Brennan, F. P., Breuil, M. C., Bru, D., Lemanceau, P., Griffiths, B., Hallin, S., and Philippot, L.: Recently indentified microbial guild mediates soil N2O sink capacity, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 801–805, 2014.
Kaiser, C., Koranda, M., Kitzler, B., Fuchslueger, L., Schnecker, J., Schweiger, P., Rasche, F., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., Sessitsch, A., and Richter, A.: Belowground carbon allocation by trees drives seasonal patterns of extracellular enzyme activities by altering microbial community composition in a beech forest soil, New Phytol., 187, 843–858, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03321.x, 2010.
Kaushal, S. S., Groffman, P. M., Band, L. E., Elliott, E. M., Shields, C. A., and Kendall, C.: Tracking nonpoint source nitrogen pollution in human-impacted watersheds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 8225–8232, https://doi.org/10.1021/es200779e, 2011.
Kellman, L. and Hillaire-Marcel, C.: Nitrate cycling in streams: using natural abundances of NO3--d15N to measure in-situ denitrification, Biogeochemistry, 43, 273–292, 1998.
Keymer, D. P. and Kent, A. D.: Contribution of nitrogen fixation to first year Miscanthus x giganteus, Global Change Biology Bioenergy, 6, 577–586, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12095, 2014.
Kirkham, D. and Bartholomew, W. V.: Equations for following nutrient transformations in soil, utilizing tracer data, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 18, 33–34, 1954.
Kirkham, D. and Bartholomew, W. V.: Equations for following nutrient transformations in soil, utilizing tracer data: II, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 19, 189–192, 1955.
Koele, N., Dickie, I. A., Oleksyn, J., Richardson, S. J., and Reich, P. B.: No globally consistent effect of ectomycorrhizal status on foliar traits, New Phytol., 196, 845–852, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04297.x, 2012.
Koide, R. T., Sharda, J. N., Herr, J. R., and Malcolm, G. M.: Ectomycorrhizal fungi and the biotrophy-saprotrophy continuum, New Phytol., 178, 230–233, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02401.x, 2008.
Kool, D. M., Wrage, N., Oenema, O., Dolfing, J., and Van Groenigen, J. W.: Oxygen exchange between (de)nitrification intermediates and H2O and its implications for source determination of N2O and NO3-: a review, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 21, 3569–3578, 2007.
Kool, D. M., Müller, C., Wrage, N., Oenema, O., and Van Groenigen, J. W.: Oxygen exchange between nitrogen oxides and H2O can occur during nitrifier pathways, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 1632–1641, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.05.002, 2009.
Kool, D. M., Wrage, N., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., Pfeffer, M., Brus, D. J., Oenema, O., and Van Groenigen, J. W.: Nitrifier denitrification can be a source of N2O from soil: a revised approach to the dual isotope labelling method, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 61, 759–772, 2010.
Kool, D. M., Dolfing, J., Wrage, N., and Van Groenigen, J. W.: Nitrifier denitrification as a distinct and significant source of nitrous oxide from soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 43, 174–178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.09.030, 2011a.
Kool, D. M., Van Groenigen, J. W., and Wrage, N.: Source determination of nitrous oxide based on nitrogen and oxygen isotope tracing: dealing with oxygen exchange, Methods Enzymol., 496, 139–160, 2011b.
Koster, J. R., Well, R., Dittert, K., Giesemann, A., Lewicka-Szczebak, D., Muhling, K. H., Herrmann, A., Lammel, J., and Senbayram, M.: Soil denitrification potential and its influence on N2O reduction and N2O isotopomer ratios, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 27, 2363–2373, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6699, 2013.
Kraft, B., Strous, M., and Tegetmeyer, H. E.: Microbial nitrate respiration – Genes, enzymes and environmental distribution, J. Biotechnol., 155, 104–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.12.025, 2011.
Kuiper, I., de Deyn, G. B., Thakur, M. P., and van Groenigen, J. W.: Soil invertebrate fauna affect N2O emissions from soil, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 2814–2825, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12232, 2013.
Kulkarni, M. V., Burgin, A. J., Groffman, P. M., and Yavitt, J. B.: A comparison of denitrification rates as measured using direct flux and 15N tracer methods in northeastern forest soils, Biogeochemistry, 117, 359–373, 2014.
Kuyper, T. W.: Ectomycorrhiza and the open nitrogen cycle in an afrotropical rainforest, New Phytol., 195, 728–729, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04246.x, 2012.
Kuyper, T. W. and Kiers, E. T.: The danger of mycorrhizal traps?, New Phytol., 203, 352–354, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12883, 2014.
Kuzyakov, Y. and Cheng, W.: Photosynthesis controls of rhizosphere respiration and organic matter decomposition, Soil Biol. Biochem., 33, 1915–1925, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0038-0717(01)00117-1, 2001.
Larmola, T., Leppanen, S. M., Tuittila, E. S., Aarva, M., Merila, P., Fritze, H., and Tiirola, M.: Methanotrophy induces nitrogen fixation during peatland development, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 734–739, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1314284111, 2014.
Lee, S. Y. and Foster, R. C.: Soil Fauna and Soil Structure, Aust. J. Soil Res., 29, 745–775, 1991.
Lewicka-Szczebak, D., Well, R., Koster, J. R., Fuss, R., Senbayram, M., Dittert, K., and Flessa, H.: Experimental determinations of isotopic fractionation factors associated with N2O production and reduction during denitrification in soils, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 134, 55–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.03.010, 2014.
Liiri, M., Ilmarinen, K., and Setälä, H.: Variable impacts of enchytraeid worms and ectomycorrhizal fungi on plant growth in raw humus soil treated with wood ash, Appl. Soil Ecol., 35, 174–183, 2007.
Lindahl, B. D., Ihrmark, K., Boberg, J., Trumbore, S. E., Hogberg, P., Stenlid, J., and Finlay, R. D.: Spatial separation of litter decomposition and mycorrhizal nitrogen uptake in a boreal forest, New Phytol., 173, 611–620, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01936.x, 2007.
Loreau, M.: Ecosystem development explained by competition within and between material cycles, P. R. Soc. B, 265, 33–38, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0260, 1998.
Lowrance, R., Altier, L. S., Newbold, J. D., Schnabel, R. R., Groffman, P. M., Denver, J. M., Correll, D. L., Gilliam, J. W., Robinson, J. L., Brinsfield, R. B., Staver, K. W., Lucas, W., and Todd, A. H.: Water quality functions of riparian forest buffers in Chesapeake Bay watersheds, Environ. Manage., 21, 687–712, 1997.
Lubbers, I. M., van Groenigen, K. J., Fonte, S. J., Six, J., Brussaard, L., and van Groenigen, J. W.: Greenhouse-gas emissions from soils increased by earthworms, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 187–194, 2013.
Luo, Y., Su, B., Currie, W. S., Dukes, J. S., Finzi, A. C., Hartwig, U., Hungate, B., McMurtrie, R. E., Oren, R., Parton, W. J., Pataki, D. E., Shaw, M. R., Zak, D. R., and Field, C. B.: Progressive nitrogen limitation of ecosystem responses to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide, Bioscience, 54, 731–739, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0731:pnloer]2.0.co;2, 2004.
Luo, Y., Melillo, J., Niu, S., Beier, C., Clark, J. S., Classen, A. T., Davidson, E., Dukes, J. S., Evans, R. D., Field, C. B., Czimczik, C. I., Keller, M., Kimball, B. A., Kueppers, L. M., Norby, R. J., Pelini, S. L., Pendall, E., Rastetter, E., Six, J., Smith, M., Tjoelker, M. G., and Torn, M. S.: Coordinated approaches to quantify long-term ecosystem dynamics in response to global change, Global Change Biol., 17, 843–854, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02265.x, 2011.
Majumdar, D.: Biogeochemistry of N2O Uptake and Consumption in Submerged Soils and Rice Fields and Implications in Climate Change, Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Tec., 43, 2653–2684, https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2012.694332, 2013.
Mania, D., Heylen, K., Van Spanning, R. J., and Frostegard, Å.: The nitrate-ammonifying and nosZ carrying bacterium Bacillus vireti is a potent source and sink for nitric and nitrous oxide under high nitrate conditions, Environ. Microbiol., 16, 3196–3210, https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12478, 2014.
Matson, P. A., McDowell, W. H., Townsend, A. R., and Vitousek, P. M.: The globalization of N deposition: ecosystem consequences in tropical environments, Biogeochemistry, 46, 67–83, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006152112852, 1999.
Mayer, P. M., Reynolds, S. K., McCutchen, M. D., and Canfield, T. J.: Meta-analysis of nitrogen removal in riparian buffers, J. Environ. Qual., 36, 1172–1180, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0462, 2007.
Midgley, M. G. and Phillips, R. P.: Mycorrhizal associations of dominant trees influence nitrate leaching responses to N deposition, Biogeochemistry, 117, 241–253, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-013-9931-4, 2014.
Mikola, J. and Setälä, H.: No evidence of trophic cascades in an experimental microbial-based soil food web, Ecology, 79, 153–164, https://doi.org/10.2307/176871, 1998.
Moorshammer, M., Wanek, W., Hämmerle, I., Fuchslueger, L., Hofmhansl, F., Knoltsch, A., Schnecker, J., Takriti, M., Watzka, M., Wild, B., Keiblinger, K. M., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., and Richter, A.: Adjustment of microbial nitrogen use efficiency to carbon:nitrogen imbalance regulates soil nitrogen cycling, Nat. Commun., 5, 3694, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4694, 2014.
Morse, J. L., Werner, S. F., Gillen, C., Bailey, S. W., McGuire, K. J., and Groffman, P. M.: Searching for biogeochemical hotspots in three dimensions: Soil C and N cycling in hydropedologic units in a northern hardwood forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 119, 1596–1607, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JG002589, 2014.
Morse, J. L., Durán, J., Beall, F., Enanga, E., Creed, I. F., Fernandez, I. J., and Groffman, P. M.: Soil denitrification fluxes from three northeastern North American forests ranging in nitrogen availability, Oecologia, 177, 17–27, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-3117-1, 2015.
Mosier, A. R., Duxbury, J. M., Freney, J. R., Heinemeyer, O., and Minami, K.: Assessing and mitigating N2O emissions from agricultural soils, Clim. Change, 40, 7–38, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005386614431, 1998.
Mulder, A., Vandegraaf, A. A., Robertson, L. A., and Kuenen, J. G.: Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 16, 177–183, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1995.tb00281.x, 1995.
Müller, C., Laughlin, R. J., Spott, O., and Rütting, T.: Quantification of N2O emission pathways via a 15N tracing model, Soil Biol. Biochem., 72, 44–54, 2014.
Myrold, D. D. and Tiedje, J. M.: Simultaneous estimation of several nitrogen cycle rates using 15N: theory and application, Soil Biol. Biochem., 18, 559–568, 1986.
Näsholm, T., Högberg, P., Franklin, O., Metcalfe, D., Keel, S. G., Campbell, C., Hurry, V., Linder, S., and Högberg, M. N.: Are ectomycorrhizal fungi alleviating or aggravating nitrogen limitation of tree growth in boreal forests?, New Phytol., 198, 214–221, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12139, 2013.
Nebert, L. D., Bloem, J., Lubbers, I. M., and Van Groenigen, J. W.: Association of earthworm – denitrifier interactions with increased emissions of nitrous oxide from soil mesocosms amended with crop residue, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 77, 4097–4104, 2011.
Nguyen, C.: Rhizodeposition of organic C by plants: mechanisms and controls, Agronomie, 23, 375–396, https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2003011, 2003.
Orellana, L. H., Rodriguez-R, L. M., Higgins, S., Chee-Sanford, J. C., Sanford, R. A., Ritalahti, K. M., Loffler, F. E., and Konstantinidis, K. T.: Detecting nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) genes in soil metagenomes: methods development and implications for the nitrogen cycle, Mbio, 5, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01193-14, 2014.
Orwin, K. H., Buckland, S. M., Johnson, D., Turner, B. L., Smart, S., Oakley, S., and Bardgett, R. D.: Linkages of plant traits to soil properties and the functioning of temperate grassland, J. Ecol., 98, 1074–1083, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01679.x, 2010.
Ostrom, N. E. and Ostrom, P. H.: The isotopomers of nitrous oxide: analytical considerations and application to resolution of microbial production pathways, in: Handbook of environmental isotope geochemistry, edited by: Baskaran, M., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 453–476, 2011.
Parkin, T. B. and Berry, E. C.: Microbial nitrogen transformations in earthworm burrows, Soil Biol. Biochem., 31, 1765–1771, 1999.
Paterson, E.: Importance of rhizodeposition in the coupling of plant and microbial productivity, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 54, 741–750, 2003.
Pausch, J., Tian, J., Riederer, M., and Kuzyakov, Y.: Estimation of rhizodeposition at field scale: upscaling of a C-14 labeling study, Plant Soil, 364, 273–285, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1363-8, 2013a.
Pausch, J., Zhu, B., Kuzyakov, Y., and Cheng, W.: Plant inter-species effects on rhizosphere priming of soil organic matter decomposition, Soil Biol. Biochem., 57, 91–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.08.029, 2013b.
Philippot, L., Hallin, S., Borjesson, G., and Baggs, E. M.: Biochemical cycling in the rhizosphere having an impact on global change, Plant Soil, 321, 61–81, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9796-9, 2009.
Phillips, R. P., Finzi, A. C., and Bernhardt, E. S.: Enhanced root exudation induces microbial feedbacks to N cycling in a pine forest under long-term CO2 fumigation, Ecol. Lett., 14, 187–194, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01570.x, 2011.
Phillips, R. P., Meier, I. C., Bernhardt, E. S., Grandy, A. S., Wickings, K., and Finzi, A. C.: Roots and fungi accelerate carbon and nitrogen cycling in forests exposed to elevated CO2, Ecol. Lett., 15, 1042–1049, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01827.x, 2012.
Phillips, R. P., Brzostek, E., and Midgley, M. G.: The mycorrhizal-associated nutrient economy: a new framework for predicting carbon-nutrient couplings in temperate forests, New Phytol., 199, 41–51, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12221, 2013.
Pomowski, A., Zumft, W. G., Kroneck, P. M. H., and Einsle, O.: N2O binding at a 4Cu:2S copper-sulphur cluster in nitrous oxide reductase, Nature, 477, 234–237, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10332, 2011.
Postma-Blaauw, M. B., Bloem, J., Faber, J. H., Van Groenigen, J. W., De Goede, R. G. M., and Brussaard, L.: Earthworm species composition affects the soil bacterial community and net nitrogen mineralization, Pedobiologia, 50, 243–256, 2006.
Poth, M. and Focht, D. D.: N-15 kinetic – analysis of N2O production by Nitrosomonas Europaea – an examination of nitrifier denitrification, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 49, 1134–1141, 1985.
Rantalainen, M.-L., Fritze, H., Haimi, J., Kiikkilä, O., Pennanen, T., and Setälä, H.: Do enchytraeid worms and habitat corridors facilitate the colonisation of habitat patches by soil microbes?, Biol. Fertility Soils, 39, 200–208, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-003-0687-1, 2004.
Read, D. J.: Mycorrhizas in ecosystems, Experientia, 47, 376–391, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01972080, 1991.
Read, D. J. and Perez-Moreno, J.: Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems – a journey towards relevance?, New Phytol., 157, 475–492, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00704.x, 2003.
Reed, S. C., Cleveland, C. C., and Townsend, A. R.: Functional ecology of free-living nitrogen fixation: A contemporary perspective, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. S., 42, 489–512, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145034, 2011.
Reich, P. B.: The world-wide "fast-slow" plant economics spectrum: a traits manifesto, J. Ecol., 102, 275–301, 2014.
Rineau, F., Shah, F., Smits, M. M., Persson, P., Johansson, T., Carleer, R., Troein, C., and Tunlid, A.: Carbon availability triggers the decomposition of plant litter and assimilation of nitrogen by an ectomycorrhizal fungus, ISME J., 7, 2010–2022, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2013.91, 2013.
Ritchie, G. A. F. and Nicholas, D. J.: Identification of sources of nitrous-oxide produced by oxidate and reductive processes in Nitrosomonas Europaea, Biochem. J., 126, 1181–1191, 1972.
Rizhiya, E., Bertora, C., Van Vliet, P. C. J., Kuikman, P. J., Faber, J. H., and Van Groenigen, J. W.: Earthworm activity as a determinant for N2O emission from crop residue, Soil Biol. Biochem., 39, 2058–2069, 2007.
Rütting, T. and Müller, C.: Process-specific analysis of nitrite dynamics in a permanent grassland soil by using a Monte Carlo sampling technique, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 59, 208–215, 2008.
Rütting, T., Huygens, D., Müller, C., Van Cleemput, O., Godoy, R., and Boeckx, P.: Functional role of DNRA and nitrite reduction in a pristine south Chilean Nothofagus forest, Biogeochemistry, 90, 243–258, 2008.
Rütting, T., Boeckx, P., Müller, C., and Klemedtsson, L.: Assessment of the importance of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium for the terrestrial nitrogen cycle, Biogeosciences, 8, 1779–1791, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1779-2011, 2011a.
Rütting, T., Huygens, D., Staelens, J., Müller, C., and Boeckx, P.: Advances in 15N tracing experiments: new labelling and data analysis approaches, Biochem. Soc. T., 39, 279–283, 2011b.
Sanford, R. A., Wagner, D. D., Wu, Q. Z., Chee-Sanford, J. C., Thomas, S. H., Cruz-Garcia, C., Rodriguez, G., Massol-Deya, A., Krishnani, K. K., Ritalahti, K. M., Nissen, S., Konstantinidis, K. T., and Loffler, F. E.: Unexpected nondenitrifier nitrous oxide reductase gene diversity and abundance in soils, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 19709–19714, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211238109, 2012.
Sawayama, S.: Possibility of anoxic ferric ammonium oxidation, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 101, 70–72, 2006.
Schimel, J.: Assumptions and errors in the 15NH4+ pool dilution technique for measuring mineralization and immobilization, Soil Biol. Biochem., 28, 827–828, 1996.
Schimel, J. P. and Bennett, J.: Nitrogen mineralization: challenges of a changing paradigm, Ecology, 85, 591–602, 2004.
Schlesinger, W. H.: An estimate of the global sink for nitrous oxide in soils, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 2929–2931, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12239, 2013.
Schmidt, I., van Spanning, R. J. M., and Jetten, M. S. M.: Denitrification and ammonia oxidation by Nitrosomonas europaea wild-type, and NirK- and NorB-deficient mutants, Microbiology-Sgm, 150, 4107–4114, https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27382-0, 2004.
Seitzinger, S., Harrison, J. A., Bohlke, J. K., Bouwman, A. F., Lowrance, R., Peterson, B., Tobias, C., and Van Drecht, G.: Denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes: A synthesis, Ecol. Appl., 16, 2064–2090, 2006.
Shaw, L. J., Nicol, G. W., Smith, Z., Fear, J., Prosser, J. I., and Baggs, E. M.: Nitrosospira spp. can produce nitrous oxide via a nitrifier denitrification pathway, Environ. Microbiol., 8, 214–222, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00882.x, 2006.
Shipitalo, M. J. and Le Bayon, R. C.: Quantifying the Effects of Earthworms on Soil Aggregation and Porosity, in: Earthworm Ecology, edited by: Edwards, C. A., CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL, 183–200, 2004.
Simon, J.: Enzymology and bioenergetics of respiratory nitrite ammonification, FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 26, 285–309, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00616.x, 2002.
Simon, J. and Klotz, M. G.: Diversity and evolution of bioenergetic systems involved in microbial nitrogen compound transformations, BBA-Bioenergetics, 1827, 114–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.07.005, 2013.
Simon, J., Einsle, O., Kroneck, P. M. H., and Zumft, W. G.: The unprecedented nos gene cluster of Wolinella succinogenes encodes a novel respiratory electron transfer pathway to cytochrome c nitrous oxide reductase, FEBS Lett., 569, 7–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2004.05.060, 2004.
Spott, O., Russow, R., and Stange, C. F.: Formation of hybrid N2O and hybrid N2 due to codenitrification: First review of a barely considered process of microbially mediated N-nitrosation, Soil Biol. Biochem., 43, 1995–2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.06.014, 2011.
Stange, C. F., Spott, O., and Müller, C.: An inverse abundance approach to separate soil nitrogen pools and gaseous nitrogen fluxes into fractions related to ammonium, nitrate and soil organic nitrogen, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 60, 907–915, 2009.
Stange, C. F., Spott, O., and Russow, R.: Analysis of the coexisting pathways for NO and N2O formation in Chernozem using the 15N-tracer SimKIM-Advanced model, Isotop. Environm. Health Stud., 49, 503–519, 2013.
Stevens, R. J., Laughlin, R. J., Burns, L. C., Arah, J. R. M., and Hood, R. C.: Measuring the contributions of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of nitrous oxide from soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 29, 139–151, 1997.
Stocker, T. E., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M.: Climate Change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2013.
Sullivan, B. W., Smith, W. K., Townsend, A. R., Nasto, M. K., Reed, S. C., Chazdon, R. L., and Cleveland, C. C.: Spatially robust estimates of biological nitrogen (N) fixation imply substantial human alteration of the tropical N cycle, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 8101–8106, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320646111, 2014.
Sutka, R. L., Ostrom, N. E., Ostrom, P. H., Breznak, J. A., Gandhi, H., Pitt, A. J., and Li, F.: Distinguishing nitrous oxide production from nitrification and denitrification on the basis of isotopomer abundances, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72, 638–644, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.1.638-644.2006, 2006.
Swerts, M., Uytterhoeven, G., Merckx, R., and Vlassak, K.: Semicontinuous measurement of soil atmosphere gases with gas-flow soil core method, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 59, 1336–1342, 1995.
Talbot, J. M. and Treseder, K. K.: Controls over mycorrhizal uptake of organic nitrogen, Pedobiologia, 53, 169–179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2009.12.001, 2010.
Talbot, J. M., Allison, S. D., and Treseder, K. K.: Decomposers in disguise: mycorrhizal fungi as regulators of soil C dynamics in ecosystems under global change, Funct. Ecol., 22, 955–963, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01402.x, 2008.
Taylor, A. E., Vajrala, N., Giguere, A. T., Gitelman, A. I., Arp, D. J., Myrold, D. D., Sayavedra-Soto, L., and Bottomley, P. J.: Use of Aliphatic n-Alkynes To Discriminate Soil Nitrification Activities of Ammonia-Oxidizing Thaumarchaea and Bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 79, 6544–6551, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01928-13, 2013.
Tedersoo, L., Naadel, T., Bahram, M., Pritsch, K., Buegger, F., Leal, M., Koljalg, U., and Poldmaa, K.: Enzymatic activities and stable isotope patterns of ectomycorrhizal fungi in relation to phylogeny and exploration types in an afrotropical rain forest, New Phytol., 195, 832–843, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04217.x, 2012.
Thakur, M. P., van Groenigen, J. W., Kuiper, I., and De Deyn, G. B.: Interactions between microbial-feeding and predatory soil fauna trigger N2O emissions, Soil Biol. Biochem., 70, 256–262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.12.020, 2014.
Thomas, R. Q., Canham, C. D., Weathers, K. C., and Goodale, C. L.: Increased tree carbon storage in response to nitrogen deposition in the US, Nat. Geosci., 3, 13–17, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo721, 2010.
Tiedje, J. M.: Ecology of denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, in: Biology of anaerobic microorganisms, edited by: Zehnder, A. J. B., Wiley, New York, 179–244, 1988.
Tilsner, J., Wrage, N., Lauf, J., and Gebauer, G.: Emission of gaseous nitrogen oxides from an extensively managed grassland in NE Bavaria, Germany – II. Stable isotope natural abundance of N2O, Biogeochemistry, 63, 249–267, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023316315550, 2003.
Topoliantz, S., Ponge, J.-F., and Viaux, P.: Earthworm and enchytraeid activity under different arable farming systems, as exemplified by biogenic structures, Plant Soil, 225, 39–51, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026537632468, 2000.
Van Breemen, N., Boyer, E. W., Goodale, C. L., Jaworski, N. A., Paustian, K., Seitzinger, S. P., Lajtha, K., Mayer, B., Van Dam, D., Howarth, R. W., Nadelhoffer, K. J., Eve, M., and Billen, G.: Where did all the nitrogen go? Fate of nitrogen inputs to large watersheds in the northeastern USA, Biogeochemistry, 57, 267–293, 2002.
Van der Krift, T. A. J., Kuikman, P. J., Moller, F., and Berendse, F.: Plant species and nutritional-mediated control over rhizodeposition and root decomposition, Plant Soil, 228, 191–200, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004834128220, 2001.
Van Groenigen, J. W., Lubbers, I. M., Vos, H. M. J., Brown, G. G., De Deyn, G. B., and Van Groenigen, K. J.: Earthworms increase plant production: a meta-analysis, Sci. Rep., 4, 6365, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06365, 2014.
Van Groenigen, K. J., Six, J., Hungate, B. A., de Graaff, M. A., Van Breemen, N., and Van Kessel, C.: Element interactions limit soil carbon storage, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 6571–6574, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509038103, 2006.
Van Vliet, P. C. J., Beare, M. H., Coleman, D. C., and Hendrix, P. F.: Effects of enchytraeids (Annelida: Oligochaeta) on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in laboratory incubations, Appl. Soil Ecol., 25, 147–160, 2004.
Verbaendert, I., Hoefman, S., Boeckx, P., Boon, N., and De Vos, P.: Primers for overlooked nirK, qnorB, and nosZ genes of thermophilic Gram-positive denitrifiers, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 89, 162–180, https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12346, 2014.
Veresoglou, S. D., Chen, B. D., and Rillig, M. C.: Arbuscular mycorrhiza and soil nitrogen cycling, Soil Biol. Biochem., 46, 53–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.11.018, 2012.
Verhoef, H. A. and Brussaard, L.: Decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in natural and agroecosystems: the contribution of soil animals, Biogeochemistry, 11, 175–211, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00004496, 1990.
Vidon, P. and Hill, A. R.: Denitrification and patterns of electron donors and acceptors in eight riparian zones with contrasting hydrogeology, Biogeochemistry, 71, 259–283, 2004.
Vieten, B., Conen, F., Seth, B., and Alewell, C.: The fate of N2O consumed in soils, Biogeosciences, 5, 129–132, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-129-2008, 2008.
Vitousek, P. M., Menge, D. N. L., Reed, S. C., and Cleveland, C. C.: Biological nitrogen fixation: rates, patterns and ecological controls in terrestrial ecosystems, P. T. Roy. Soc. B, 368, 20130119, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0119, 2013.
Walter, M. T., Walter, M. F., Brooks, E. S., Steenhuis, T. S., Boll, J., and Weiler, K.: Hydrologically sensitive areas: Variable source area hydrology implications for water quality risk assessment, J. Soil Water Conserv., 55, 277–284, 2000.
Wanek, W., Mooshammer, M., Blöchl, A., Hanreich, A., and Richter, A.: Determination of gross rates of amino acid production and immobilization in decomposing leaf litter by a novel 15N isotope pool dilution technique, Soil Biol. Biochem., 42, 1293–1302, 2010.
Wang, R., Willibald, G., Feng, Q., Zheng, X., Liao, T., Brüggemann, N., and Butterbach-Bahl, K.: Measurement of N2, N2O, NO, and CO2 emissions from soil with the gas-flow-soil-core technique, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 6066–6072, https://doi.org/10.1021/es1036578, 2011.
Wardle, D. A.: The influence of biotic interactions on soil biodiversity, Ecol. Lett., 9, 870–886, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00931.x, 2006.
Wardle, D. A., Bardgett, R. D., Klironomos, J. N., Setala, H., van der Putten, W. H., and Wall, D. H.: Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota, Science, 304, 1629–1633, 2004.
Wassenaar, L. I.: Evaluation of the origin and fate of nitrate in the Abbbotsford Aquifer using isotopes of 15N and 18O in NO3-, Appl. Geochem., 10, 391–405, 1995.
Webster, E. A. and Hopkins, D. W.: Contributions from different microbial processes to N2O emission from soil under different moisture regimes, Biol. Fertility Soils, 22, 331–335, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003740050120, 1996.
Wedin, D. A. and Tilman, D.: Species effects on nitrogen cycling: a test with perennial grasses, Oecologia, 84, 433–441, 1990.
Well, R. and Butterbach-Bahl, K.: Comments on "A test of a field-based N-15-nitrous oxide pool dilution technique to measure gross N2O production in soil" by Yang et al. (2011), Global Change Biology, 17, 3577–3588, Global Change Biol., 19, 133–135, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12005, 2013.
Werner, C., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Haas, E., Hickler, T., and Kiese, R.: A global inventory of N2O emissions from tropical rainforest soils using a detailed biogeochemical model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gb002909, 2007.
Werner, S. F., Driscoll, C. T., Groffman, P. M., and Yavitt, J. B.: Landscape patterns of soil oxygen and atmospheric greenhouse gases in a northern hardwood forest landscape, Biogeosciences Discuss., 8, 10859–10893, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-10859-2011, 2011.
Whalen, J. K. and Sampedro, L.: Soil Ecology & Management, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2010.
Whiteside, M. D., Garcia, M. O., and Treseder, K. K.: Amino acid uptake in arbuscular mycorrhizal plants, Plos One, 7, e47643, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047643, 2012.
Woli, K. P., David, M. B., Cooke, R. A., McIsaac, G. F., and Mitchell, C. A.: Nitrogen balance in and export from agricultural fields associated with controlled drainage systems and denitrifying bioreactors, Ecol. Eng., 36, 1558–1566, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.04.024, 2010.
Wrage, N., Velthof, G. L., Van Beusichem, M. L., and Oenema, O.: Role of nitrifier denitrification in the production of nitrous oxide, Soil Biol. Biochem., 33, 1723–1732, 2001.
Wrage, N., Velthof, G. L., Laanbroek, H. J., and Oenema, O.: Nitrous oxide production in grassland soils: assessing the contribution of nitrifier denitrification, Soil Biol. Biochem., 36, 229–236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.09.009, 2004a.
Wrage, N., Velthof, G. L., Oenema, O., and Laanbroek, H. J.: Acetylene and oxygen as inhibitors of nitrous oxide production in Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrosospira briensis: a cautionary tale, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 47, 13–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-6496(03)00220-4, 2004b.
Wrage, N., Van Groenigen, J. W., Oenema, O., and Baggs, E. M.: A novel dual-isotope labeling method for distinguishing between soil sources of N2O, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 19, 3298–3306, 2005.
Wu, T. H.: Can ectomycorrhizal fungi circumvent the nitrogen mineralization for plant nutrition in temperate forest ecosystems?, Soil Biol. Biochem., 43, 1109–1117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.02.003, 2011.
Wurzburger, N., Bellenger, J. P., Kraepiel, A. M. L., and Hedin, L. O.: Molybdenum and phosphorus interact to constrain asymbiotic nitrogen fixation in tropical forests, Plos One, 7, e33710, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033710, 2012.
Yanai, R. D., Vadeboncoeur, M. A., Hamburg, S. P., Arthur, M. A., Fuss, C. B., Groffman, P. M., Siccama, T. G., and Driscoll, C. T.: From missing source to missing sink: Long-term changes in the nitrogen budget of a northern hardwood forest, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 11440–11448, https://doi.org/10.1021/es4025723, 2013.
Yang, W. D. H., Teh, Y. A., and Silver, W. L.: A test of a field-based 15N-nitrous oxide pool dilution technique to measure gross N2O production in soil, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 3577–3588, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02481.x, 2011.
Yang, W. H. and Silver, W. L.: Application of the N2/Ar technique to measuring soil-atmosphere N2 fluxes, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 26, 449–459, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6124, 2012.
Yang, W. H., McDowell, A. C., Brooks, P. D., and Silver, W. L.: New high precision approach for measuring 15N–N2 gas fluxes from terrestrial ecosystems, Soil Biol. Biochem., 69, 234–241, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.11.009, 2014.
Yano, M., Toyoda, S., Tokida, T., Hayashi, K., Hasegawa, T., Makabe, A., Koba, K., and Yoshida, N.: Isotopomer analysis of production, consumption and soil-to-atmosphere emission processes of N2O at the beginning of paddy field irrigation, Soil Biol. Biochem., 70, 66–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.11.026, 2014.
Yuan, Z. Y. and Chen, H. Y. H.: Fine root biomass, production, turnover rates, and nutrient contents in boreal forest ecosystems in relation to species, climate, fertility, and stand age: literature review and meta-analyses, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 29, 204–221, https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2010.483579, 2010.
Zak, D. R., Holmes, W. E., Finzi, A. C., Norby, R. J., and Schlesinger, W. H.: Soil nitrogen cycling under elevated CO2: A synthesis of forest face experiments, Ecol. Appl., 13, 1508–1514, 2003.
Zhu, X., Burger, M., Doane, T. A., and Horwath, W. R.: Ammonia oxidation pathways and nitrifier denitrification are significant sources of N2O and NO under low oxygen availability, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 6328–6333, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219993110, 2013.
