Original research article
20 Jan 2022
Original research article
| 20 Jan 2022
Synergy between compost and cover crops in a Mediterranean row crop system leads to increased subsoil carbon storage
Daniel Rath et al.
Related authors
No articles found.
Kailiang Yu, Johan van den Hoogen, Zhiqiang Wang, Colin Averill, Devin Routh, Gabriel R. Smith, Rebecca E. Drenovsky, Kate M. Scow, Fei Mo, Mark P. Waldrop, Yuanhe Yang, Weize Tang, Franciska T. De Vries, Richard D. Bardgett, Peter Manning, Felipe Bastida, Sara G. Baer, Elizabeth M. Bach, Carlos García, Qingkui Wang, Linna Ma, Baodong Chen, Xianjing He, Sven Teurlincx, Amber Heijboer, James A. Bradley, and Thomas W. Crowther
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-128, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-128, 2022
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We used a global scale dataset in the top soil surface (>3000 distinct observations of soil fungal and bacterial abundance) to generate the first quantitative map of soil fungal proportion across terrestrial ecosystems. We reveal striking latitudinal trends. Fungi and bacteria dominated in regions with low and high MAT and NPP, respectively.
Moritz Mainka, Laura Summerauer, Daniel Wasner, Gina Garland, Marco Griepentrog, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, and Sebastian Doetterl
Biogeosciences, 19, 1675–1689, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1675-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1675-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The largest share of terrestrial carbon is stored in soils, making them highly relevant as regards global change. Yet, the mechanisms governing soil carbon stabilization are not well understood. The present study contributes to a better understanding of these processes. We show that qualitative changes in soil organic matter (SOM) co-vary with alterations of the soil matrix following soil weathering. Hence, the type of SOM that is stabilized in soils might change as soils develop.
Samuel N. Araya, Jeffrey P. Mitchell, Jan W. Hopmans, and Teamrat A. Ghezzehei
SOIL, 8, 177–198, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-177-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-177-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the long-term effects of no-till (NT) and winter cover cropping (CC) practices on soil hydraulic properties. We measured soil water retention and conductivity and also conducted numerical simulations to compare soil water storage abilities under the different systems. Soils under NT and CC practices had improved soil structure. Conservation agriculture practices showed marginal improvement with respect to infiltration rates and water storage.
Jing Yan and Teamrat Ghezzehei
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-52, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-52, 2022
Preprint under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
Although hydraulic redistribution (HR) is a well-documented phenomenon, whether it is a passive happy accident or actively controlled by roots is not well understood. Our modeling study suggests HR is long-range feedback between roots that inhabit heterogeneously resourced soil regions. When nutrients and organic matter are concentrated in shallow layers that experience frequent drying, root-exudation facilitated HR allows plants to mineralize and extract the otherwise inaccessible nutrients.
Toshiyuki Bandai and Teamrat A. Ghezzehei
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-73, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-73, 2022
Revised manuscript under review for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
Scientists use a physics-based equation to simulate water dynamics that influence hydrological and ecological phenomena. We present hybrid physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to leverage the growing availability of soil moisture data and advances in machine learning. We showed that PINNs perform comparably to traditional methods and enable estimating rainfall rates from soil moisture. However, PINNs are challenging to train and significantly slower than traditional methods.
Danielle L. Gelardi, Irfan H. Ainuddin, Devin A. Rippner, Janis E. Patiño, Majdi Abou Najm, and Sanjai J. Parikh
SOIL, 7, 811–825, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-811-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-811-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biochar is purported to alter soil water dynamics and reduce nutrient loss when added to soils, though the mechanisms are often unexplored. We studied the ability of seven biochars to alter the soil chemical and physical environment. The flow of ammonium through biochar-amended soil was determined to be controlled through chemical affinity, and nitrate, to a lesser extent, through physical entrapment. These data will assist land managers in choosing biochars for specific agricultural outcomes.
Sophie F. von Fromm, Alison M. Hoyt, Markus Lange, Gifty E. Acquah, Ermias Aynekulu, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Stephan M. Haefele, Steve P. McGrath, Keith D. Shepherd, Andrew M. Sila, Johan Six, Erick K. Towett, Susan E. Trumbore, Tor-G. Vågen, Elvis Weullow, Leigh A. Winowiecki, and Sebastian Doetterl
SOIL, 7, 305–332, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated various soil and climate properties that influence soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations in sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings indicate that climate and geochemistry are equally important for explaining SOC variations. The key SOC-controlling factors are broadly similar to those for temperate regions, despite differences in soil development history between the two regions.
Samuel N. Araya, Anna Fryjoff-Hung, Andreas Anderson, Joshua H. Viers, and Teamrat A. Ghezzehei
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2739–2758, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2739-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2739-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We took aerial photos of a grassland area using an unoccupied aerial vehicle and used the images to estimate soil moisture via machine learning. We were able to estimate soil moisture with high accuracy. Furthermore, by analyzing the machine learning models we developed, we learned how different factors drive the distribution of moisture across the landscape. Among the factors, rainfall, evapotranspiration, and topography were most important in controlling surface soil moisture distribution.
Severin-Luca Bellè, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Frank Hagedorn, Cristina Santin, Marcus Schiedung, Ilja van Meerveld, and Samuel Abiven
Biogeosciences, 18, 1105–1126, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1105-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1105-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Controls of pyrogenic carbon (PyC) redistribution under rainfall are largely unknown. However, PyC mobility can be substantial after initial rain in post-fire landscapes. We conducted a controlled simulation experiment on plots where PyC was applied on the soil surface. We identified redistribution of PyC by runoff and splash and vertical movement in the soil depending on soil texture and PyC characteristics (material and size). PyC also induced changes in exports of native soil organic carbon.
Jing Yan, Nathaniel A. Bogie, and Teamrat A. Ghezzehei
Biogeosciences, 17, 6377–6392, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6377-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6377-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An uneven supply of water and nutrients in soils often drives how plants behave. We observed that plants extract all their required nutrients from dry soil patches in sufficient quantity, provided adequate water is available elsewhere in the root zone. Roots in nutrient-rich dry patches facilitate the nutrient acquisition by extensive growth, water release, and modifying water retention in their immediate environment. The findings are valuable in managing nutrient losses in agricultural systems.
Erika Marín-Spiotta, Rebecca T. Barnes, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Meredith G. Hastings, Allison Mattheis, Blair Schneider, and Billy M. Williams
Adv. Geosci., 53, 117–127, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-53-117-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-53-117-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The geosciences are one of the least diverse disciplines in the United States, despite the field's relevance to people's livelihoods and economies. Bias, discrimination and harassment present serious hurdles to diversifying the field. We summarize research on the factors that contribute to the persistence of hostile climates in the geosciences and other scientific disciplines and provide recommendations for cultural change through the role of mentoring networks and professional associations.
Corey R. Lawrence, Jeffrey Beem-Miller, Alison M. Hoyt, Grey Monroe, Carlos A. Sierra, Shane Stoner, Katherine Heckman, Joseph C. Blankinship, Susan E. Crow, Gavin McNicol, Susan Trumbore, Paul A. Levine, Olga Vindušková, Katherine Todd-Brown, Craig Rasmussen, Caitlin E. Hicks Pries, Christina Schädel, Karis McFarlane, Sebastian Doetterl, Christine Hatté, Yujie He, Claire Treat, Jennifer W. Harden, Margaret S. Torn, Cristian Estop-Aragonés, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Marco Keiluweit, Ágatha Della Rosa Kuhnen, Erika Marin-Spiotta, Alain F. Plante, Aaron Thompson, Zheng Shi, Joshua P. Schimel, Lydia J. S. Vaughn, Sophie F. von Fromm, and Rota Wagai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 61–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-61-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-61-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The International Soil Radiocarbon Database (ISRaD) is an an open-source archive of soil data focused on datasets including radiocarbon measurements. ISRaD includes data from bulk or
whole soils, distinct soil carbon pools isolated in the laboratory by a variety of soil fractionation methods, samples of soil gas or water collected interstitially from within an intact soil profile, CO2 gas isolated from laboratory soil incubations, and fluxes collected in situ from a soil surface.
Teamrat A. Ghezzehei, Benjamin Sulman, Chelsea L. Arnold, Nathaniel A. Bogie, and Asmeret Asefaw Berhe
Biogeosciences, 16, 1187–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1187-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1187-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Soil water is a medium from which microbes acquire resources and within which they are able to move. Occupancy and availability of water and oxygen gas in soils are mutually exclusive. In addition, as soil dries the remaining water is held with an increasing degree of adhesive energy, which restricts microbes' ability to extract resources from water. We introduce a mathematical model that describes these interacting effects and organic matter decomposition.
Mehdi Rahmati, Lutz Weihermüller, Jan Vanderborght, Yakov A. Pachepsky, Lili Mao, Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi, Niloofar Moosavi, Hossein Kheirfam, Carsten Montzka, Kris Van Looy, Brigitta Toth, Zeinab Hazbavi, Wafa Al Yamani, Ammar A. Albalasmeh, Ma'in Z. Alghzawi, Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo, Antônio Celso Dantas Antonino, George Arampatzis, Robson André Armindo, Hossein Asadi, Yazidhi Bamutaze, Jordi Batlle-Aguilar, Béatrice Béchet, Fabian Becker, Günter Blöschl, Klaus Bohne, Isabelle Braud, Clara Castellano, Artemi Cerdà, Maha Chalhoub, Rogerio Cichota, Milena Císlerová, Brent Clothier, Yves Coquet, Wim Cornelis, Corrado Corradini, Artur Paiva Coutinho, Muriel Bastista de Oliveira, José Ronaldo de Macedo, Matheus Fonseca Durães, Hojat Emami, Iraj Eskandari, Asghar Farajnia, Alessia Flammini, Nándor Fodor, Mamoun Gharaibeh, Mohamad Hossein Ghavimipanah, Teamrat A. Ghezzehei, Simone Giertz, Evangelos G. Hatzigiannakis, Rainer Horn, Juan José Jiménez, Diederik Jacques, Saskia Deborah Keesstra, Hamid Kelishadi, Mahboobeh Kiani-Harchegani, Mehdi Kouselou, Madan Kumar Jha, Laurent Lassabatere, Xiaoyan Li, Mark A. Liebig, Lubomír Lichner, María Victoria López, Deepesh Machiwal, Dirk Mallants, Micael Stolben Mallmann, Jean Dalmo de Oliveira Marques, Miles R. Marshall, Jan Mertens, Félicien Meunier, Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi, Binayak P. Mohanty, Mansonia Pulido-Moncada, Suzana Montenegro, Renato Morbidelli, David Moret-Fernández, Ali Akbar Moosavi, Mohammad Reza Mosaddeghi, Seyed Bahman Mousavi, Hasan Mozaffari, Kamal Nabiollahi, Mohammad Reza Neyshabouri, Marta Vasconcelos Ottoni, Theophilo Benedicto Ottoni Filho, Mohammad Reza Pahlavan-Rad, Andreas Panagopoulos, Stephan Peth, Pierre-Emmanuel Peyneau, Tommaso Picciafuoco, Jean Poesen, Manuel Pulido, Dalvan José Reinert, Sabine Reinsch, Meisam Rezaei, Francis Parry Roberts, David Robinson, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, Otto Corrêa Rotunno Filho, Tadaomi Saito, Hideki Suganuma, Carla Saltalippi, Renáta Sándor, Brigitta Schütt, Manuel Seeger, Nasrollah Sepehrnia, Ehsan Sharifi Moghaddam, Manoj Shukla, Shiraki Shutaro, Ricardo Sorando, Ajayi Asishana Stanley, Peter Strauss, Zhongbo Su, Ruhollah Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi, Encarnación Taguas, Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira, Ali Reza Vaezi, Mehdi Vafakhah, Tomas Vogel, Iris Vogeler, Jana Votrubova, Steffen Werner, Thierry Winarski, Deniz Yilmaz, Michael H. Young, Steffen Zacharias, Yijian Zeng, Ying Zhao, Hong Zhao, and Harry Vereecken
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1237–1263, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1237-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1237-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents and analyzes a global database of soil infiltration data, the SWIG database, for the first time. In total, 5023 infiltration curves were collected across all continents in the SWIG database. These data were either provided and quality checked by the scientists or they were digitized from published articles. We are convinced that the SWIG database will allow for a better parameterization of the infiltration process in land surface models and for testing infiltration models.
Roland Baatz, Pamela L. Sullivan, Li Li, Samantha R. Weintraub, Henry W. Loescher, Michael Mirtl, Peter M. Groffman, Diana H. Wall, Michael Young, Tim White, Hang Wen, Steffen Zacharias, Ingolf Kühn, Jianwu Tang, Jérôme Gaillardet, Isabelle Braud, Alejandro N. Flores, Praveen Kumar, Henry Lin, Teamrat Ghezzehei, Julia Jones, Henry L. Gholz, Harry Vereecken, and Kris Van Looy
Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 593–609, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-593-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-593-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Focusing on the usage of integrated models and in situ Earth observatory networks, three challenges are identified to advance understanding of ESD, in particular to strengthen links between biotic and abiotic, and above- and below-ground processes. We propose developing a model platform for interdisciplinary usage, to formalize current network infrastructure based on complementarities and operational synergies, and to extend the reanalysis concept to the ecosystem and critical zone.
Weiwei Cong, Jun Meng, and Samantha C. Ying
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-281, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-281, 2017
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examines the role of soil properties, biochar properties, and management factors in methane emission/uptake of biochar amended paddy and upland soils through the use of quantitative meta-analysis. Our findings show that variations in soil characteristics including SOC, C/N, and pH significantly influences the methane flux from biochar treated soils, while biochar characteristics and management practices have less to no effect as determined by the magnitude of the Hedge's d metric.
Samuel N. Araya, Marilyn L. Fogel, and Asmeret Asefaw Berhe
SOIL, 3, 31–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-31-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-31-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This research investigates how fires of different intensities affect soil organic matter properties. This study identifies critical temperature thresholds of significant soil organic matter changes. Findings from this study will contribute towards estimating the amount and rate of changes in soil carbon, nitrogen, and other essential soil properties that can be expected from fires of different intensities under anticipated climate change scenarios.
Samuel N. Araya, Mercer Meding, and Asmeret Asefaw Berhe
SOIL, 2, 351–366, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-351-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-351-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Using laboratory heating, we studied effects of fire intensity on important topsoil characteristics. This study identifies critical temperature thresholds for significant physical and chemical changes in soils that developed under different climate regimes. Findings from this study will contribute towards estimating the amount and rate of change in essential soil properties that can be expected from topsoil exposure to different intensity fires under anticipated climate change scenarios.
E. M. Stacy, S. C. Hart, C. T. Hunsaker, D. W. Johnson, and A. A. Berhe
Biogeosciences, 12, 4861–4874, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4861-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4861-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In the southern parts of the Sierra Nevada in California, we investigated erosion of carbon and nitrogen from low-order catchments. We found that eroded sediments were OM rich, with a potential for significant gaseous and dissolved loss of OM during transport or after depositional in downslope or downstream depositional landform positions.
T. A. Ghezzehei, D. V. Sarkhot, and A. A. Berhe
Solid Earth, 5, 953–962, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-953-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-953-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Soils and biogeochemical cycling
Land use impact on carbon mineralization in well aerated soils is mainly explained by variations of particulate organic matter rather than of soil structure
Inclusion of biochar in a C dynamics model based on observations from an 8-year field experiment
Dynamics of soil aggregate-related stoichiometric characteristics with tea-planting age and soil depth in the southern Guangxi of China
Phosphorus dynamics during early soil development in a cold desert: insights from oxygen isotopes in phosphate
Transformation of n-alkanes from plant to soil: a review
Heterotrophic soil respiration and carbon cycling in geochemically distinct African tropical forest soils
Soil organic carbon mobility in equatorial podzols: soil column experiments
Microbial activity responses to water stress in agricultural soils from simple and complex crop rotations
The role of geochemistry in organic carbon stabilization against microbial decomposition in tropical rainforest soils
Geogenic organic carbon in terrestrial sediments and its contribution to total soil carbon
Aluminous clay and pedogenic Fe oxides modulate aggregation and related carbon contents in soils of the humid tropics
Continental-scale controls on soil organic carbon across sub-Saharan Africa
Modelling of long-term Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb dynamics from soils fertilised with organic amendments
Stable isotope signatures of soil nitrogen on an environmental–geomorphic gradient within the Congo Basin
Iron and aluminum association with microbially processed organic matter via meso-density aggregate formation across soils: organo-metallic glue hypothesis
Land-use perturbations in ley grassland decouple the degradation of ancient soil organic matter from the storage of newly derived carbon inputs
Switch of fungal to bacterial degradation in natural, drained and rewetted oligotrophic peatlands reflected in δ15N and fatty acid composition
Catchment export of base cations: improved mineral dissolution kinetics influence the role of water transit time
Boreal-forest soil chemistry drives soil organic carbon bioreactivity along a 314-year fire chronosequence
Ramped thermal analysis for isolating biologically meaningful soil organic matter fractions with distinct residence times
Variations in soil chemical and physical properties explain basin-wide Amazon forest soil carbon concentrations
Lithology- and climate-controlled soil aggregate-size distribution and organic carbon stability in the Peruvian Andes
Evaluating the effects of soil erosion and productivity decline on soil carbon dynamics using a model-based approach
Base cations in the soil bank: non-exchangeable pools may sustain centuries of net loss to forestry and leaching
Short-range-order minerals as powerful factors explaining deep soil organic carbon stock distribution: the case of a coffee agroforestry plantation on Andosols in Costa Rica
A new look at an old concept: using 15N2O isotopomers to understand the relationship between soil moisture and N2O production pathways
Assessing the impact of acid rain and forest harvest intensity with the HD-MINTEQ model – soil chemistry of three Swedish conifer sites from 1880 to 2080
Dynamic modelling of weathering rates – the benefit over steady-state modelling
Aluminium and base cation chemistry in dynamic acidification models – need for a reappraisal?
Challenges of soil carbon sequestration in the NENA region
Continental soil drivers of ammonium and nitrate in Australia
Comment on “Soil organic stocks are systematically overestimated by misuse of the parameters bulk density and rock fragment content” by Poeplau et al. (2017)
Hot regions of labile and stable soil organic carbon in Germany – Spatial variability and driving factors
Potential short-term losses of N2O and N2 from high concentrations of biogas digestate in arable soils
A deeper look at the relationship between root carbon pools and the vertical distribution of the soil carbon pool
Nitrate retention capacity of milldam-impacted legacy sediments and relict A horizon soils
Process-oriented modelling to identify main drivers of erosion-induced carbon fluxes
Thermal alteration of soil organic matter properties: a systematic study to infer response of Sierra Nevada climosequence soils to forest fires
Timescales of carbon turnover in soils with mixed crystalline mineralogies
Greater soil carbon stocks and faster turnover rates with increasing agricultural productivity
Three-dimensional soil organic matter distribution, accessibility and microbial respiration in macroaggregates using osmium staining and synchrotron X-ray computed tomography
Long-term elevation of temperature affects organic N turnover and associated N2O emissions in a permanent grassland soil
Soil fauna: key to new carbon models
Tillage-induced short-term soil organic matter turnover and respiration
Simultaneous quantification of depolymerization and mineralization rates by a novel 15N tracing model
Soil CO2 efflux in an old-growth southern conifer forest (Agathis australis) – magnitude, components and controls
Thermal alteration of soil physico-chemical properties: a systematic study to infer response of Sierra Nevada climosequence soils to forest fires
Gone or just out of sight? The apparent disappearance of aromatic litter components in soils
Soil properties and not inputs control carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus ratios in cropped soils in the long term
On the rebound: soil organic carbon stocks can bounce back to near forest levels when agroforests replace agriculture in southern India
Steffen Schlüter, Tim Roussety, Lena Rohe, Vusal Guliyev, Evgenia Blagodatskaya, and Thomas Reitz
SOIL, 8, 253–267, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-253-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-253-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We combined microstructure analysis via X-ray CT with carbon mineralization analysis via respirometry of intact soil cores from different land uses. We found that the amount of particulate organic matter (POM) exerted a dominant control on carbon mineralization in well-aerated topsoils, whereas soil moisture and macroporosity did not play role. This is because carbon mineralization mainly occurs in microbial hotspots around degrading POM, where it is decoupled from conditions of the bulk soil.
Roberta Pulcher, Enrico Balugani, Maurizio Ventura, Nicolas Greggio, and Diego Marazza
SOIL, 8, 199–211, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-199-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-199-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biochar, a solid product from the thermal conversion of biomass, can be used as a climate change mitigation strategy, since it can sequester carbon from the atmosphere and store it in the soil. The aim of this study is to assess the potential of biochar as a mitigation strategy in the long term, by modelling the results obtained from an 8-year field experiment. As far as we know, this is the first time that a model for biochar degradation has been validated with long-term field data.
Ling Mao, Shaoming Ye, and Shengqiang Wang
SOIL Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2021-147, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2021-147, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for SOIL
Short summary
Short summary
Soil ecological stoichiometry offers a sort of effective way to explore the distribution, cycling, limitation, and balance of chemical elements in tea plantation ecosystems. This study improved the understanding of soil OC and nutrient dynamics in tea plantation ecosystems, and also provided supplementary information for soil ecological stoichiometry in global terrestrial ecosystems.
Zuzana Frkova, Chiara Pistocchi, Yuliya Vystavna, Katerina Capkova, Jiri Dolezal, and Federica Tamburini
SOIL, 8, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Phosphorus (P) is essential for life. We studied microbial processes driving the P cycle in soils developed on the same rock but with different ages (0–100 years) in a cold desert. Compared to previous studies under cold climate, we found much slower weathering of P-containing minerals of soil development, likely due to aridity. However, microbes dominate short-term dynamics and progressively redistribute P from the rock into more available forms, making it available for plants at later stages.
Carrie L. Thomas, Boris Jansen, E. Emiel van Loon, and Guido L. B. Wiesenberg
SOIL, 7, 785–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-785-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-785-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Plant organs, such as leaves, contain a variety of chemicals that are eventually deposited into soil and can be useful for studying organic carbon cycling. We performed a systematic review of available data of one type of plant-derived chemical, n-alkanes, to determine patterns of degradation or preservation from the source plant to the soil. We found that while there was degradation in the amount of n-alkanes from plant to soil, some aspects of the chemical signature were preserved.
Benjamin Bukombe, Peter Fiener, Alison M. Hoyt, Laurent K. Kidinda, and Sebastian Doetterl
SOIL, 7, 639–659, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-639-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-639-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Through a laboratory incubation experiment, we investigated the spatial patterns of specific maximum heterotrophic respiration in tropical African mountain forest soils developed from contrasting parent material along slope gradients. We found distinct differences in soil respiration between soil depths and geochemical regions related to soil fertility and the chemistry of the soil solution. The topographic origin of our samples was not a major determinant of the observed rates of respiration.
Patricia Merdy, Yves Lucas, Bruno Coulomb, Adolpho J. Melfi, and Célia R. Montes
SOIL, 7, 585–594, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-585-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-585-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Transfer of organic C from topsoil to deeper horizons and the water table is little documented, especially in equatorial environments, despite high primary productivity in the evergreen forest. Using column experiments with podzol soil and a percolating solution sampled in an Amazonian podzol area, we show how the C-rich Bh horizon plays a role in natural organic matter transfer and Si, Fe and Al mobility after a kaolinitic layer transition, thus giving insight to the genesis of tropical podzol.
Jörg Schnecker, D. Boone Meeden, Francisco Calderon, Michel Cavigelli, R. Michael Lehman, Lisa K. Tiemann, and A. Stuart Grandy
SOIL, 7, 547–561, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-547-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-547-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Drought and flooding challenge agricultural systems and their management globally. Here we investigated the response of soils from long-term agricultural field sites with simple and diverse crop rotations to either drought or flooding. We found that irrespective of crop rotation complexity, soil and microbial properties were more resistant to flooding than to drought and highly resilient to drought and flooding during single or repeated stress pulses.
Mario Reichenbach, Peter Fiener, Gina Garland, Marco Griepentrog, Johan Six, and Sebastian Doetterl
SOIL, 7, 453–475, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-453-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-453-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In deeply weathered tropical rainforest soils of Africa, we found that patterns of soil organic carbon stocks differ between soils developed from geochemically contrasting parent material due to differences in the abundance of organo-mineral complexes, the presence/absence of chemical stabilization mechanisms of carbon with minerals and the presence of fossil organic carbon from sedimentary rocks. Physical stabilization mechanisms by aggregation provide additional protection of soil carbon.
Fabian Kalks, Gabriel Noren, Carsten W. Mueller, Mirjam Helfrich, Janet Rethemeyer, and Axel Don
SOIL, 7, 347–362, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-347-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-347-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sedimentary rocks contain organic carbon that may end up as soil carbon. However, this source of soil carbon is overlooked and has not been quantified sufficiently. We analysed 10 m long sediment cores with three different sedimentary rocks. All sediments contain considerable amounts of geogenic carbon contributing 3 %–12 % to the total soil carbon below 30 cm depth. The low 14C content of geogenic carbon can result in underestimations of soil carbon turnover derived from 14C data.
Maximilian Kirsten, Robert Mikutta, Didas N. Kimaro, Karl-Heinz Feger, and Karsten Kalbitz
SOIL, 7, 363–375, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-363-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-363-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mineralogical combinations of aluminous clay and pedogenic Fe oxides revealed significant effects on soil structure and related organic carbon (OC) storage.
The mineralogical combination resulting in the largest aggregate stability does not better preserve OC during conversion of forests into croplands.
Structural changes in the direction of smaller mean weight diameters do not cancel out the stabilizing effect of soil minerals.
Sophie F. von Fromm, Alison M. Hoyt, Markus Lange, Gifty E. Acquah, Ermias Aynekulu, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Stephan M. Haefele, Steve P. McGrath, Keith D. Shepherd, Andrew M. Sila, Johan Six, Erick K. Towett, Susan E. Trumbore, Tor-G. Vågen, Elvis Weullow, Leigh A. Winowiecki, and Sebastian Doetterl
SOIL, 7, 305–332, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated various soil and climate properties that influence soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations in sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings indicate that climate and geochemistry are equally important for explaining SOC variations. The key SOC-controlling factors are broadly similar to those for temperate regions, despite differences in soil development history between the two regions.
Claudia Cagnarini, Stephen Lofts, Luigi Paolo D'Acqui, Jochen Mayer, Roman Grüter, Susan Tandy, Rainer Schulin, Benjamin Costerousse, Simone Orlandini, and Giancarlo Renella
SOIL, 7, 107–123, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-107-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-107-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Application of organic amendments, although considered a sustainable form of soil fertilisation, may cause an accumulation of trace elements (TEs) in the topsoil. In this research, we analysed the concentration of zinc, copper, lead and cadmium in a > 60-year experiment in Switzerland and showed that the dynamic model IDMM adequately predicted the historical TE concentrations in plots amended with farmyard manure, sewage sludge and compost and produced reasonable concentration trends up to 2100.
Simon Baumgartner, Marijn Bauters, Matti Barthel, Travis W. Drake, Landry C. Ntaboba, Basile M. Bazirake, Johan Six, Pascal Boeckx, and Kristof Van Oost
SOIL, 7, 83–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-83-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-83-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We compared stable isotope signatures of soil profiles in different forest ecosystems within the Congo Basin to assess ecosystem-level differences in N cycling, and we examined the local effect of topography on the isotopic signature of soil N. Soil δ15N profiles indicated that the N cycling in in the montane forest is more closed, whereas the lowland forest and Miombo woodland experienced a more open N cycle. Topography only alters soil δ15N values in forests with high erosional forces.
Rota Wagai, Masako Kajiura, and Maki Asano
SOIL, 6, 597–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-597-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-597-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Global significance of metals (extractable Fe and Al phases) to control organic matter (OM) in recognized. Next key questions include the identification of their localization and mechanism behind OM–metal relationships. Across 23 soils of contrasting mineralogy, Fe and Al phases were mainly associated with microbially processed OM as meso-density microaggregates. OM- and metal-rich nanocomposites with a narrow OM : metal ratio likely acted as binding agents. A new conceptual model was proposed.
Marco Panettieri, Denis Courtier-Murias, Cornelia Rumpel, Marie-France Dignac, Gonzalo Almendros, and Abad Chabbi
SOIL, 6, 435–451, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-435-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-435-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In the context of global change, soil has been identified as a potential C sink, depending on land-use strategies. This work is devoted to identifying the processes affecting labile soil C pools resulting from changes in land use. We show that the land-use change in ley grassland provoked a decoupling of the storage and degradation processes after the grassland phase. Overall, the study enables us to develop a sufficient understanding of fine-scale C dynamics to refine soil C prediction models.
Miriam Groß-Schmölders, Pascal von Sengbusch, Jan Paul Krüger, Kristy Klein, Axel Birkholz, Jens Leifeld, and Christine Alewell
SOIL, 6, 299–313, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-299-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-299-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Degradation turns peatlands into a source of CO2. There is no cost- or time-efficient method available for indicating peatland hydrology or the success of restoration. We found that 15N values have a clear link to microbial communities and degradation. We identified trends in natural, drained and rewetted conditions and concluded that 15N depth profiles can act as a reliable and efficient tool for obtaining information on current hydrology, restoration success and drainage history.
Martin Erlandsson Lampa, Harald U. Sverdrup, Kevin H. Bishop, Salim Belyazid, Ali Ameli, and Stephan J. Köhler
SOIL, 6, 231–244, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-231-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-231-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we demonstrate how new equations describing base cation release from mineral weathering can reproduce patterns in observations from stream and soil water. This is a major step towards modeling base cation cycling on the catchment scale, which would be valuable for defining the highest sustainable rates of forest harvest and levels of acidifying deposition.
Benjamin Andrieux, David Paré, Julien Beguin, Pierre Grondin, and Yves Bergeron
SOIL, 6, 195–213, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-195-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-195-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Our study aimed to disentangle the contribution of several drivers to explaining the proportion of soil carbon that can be released to CO2 through microbial respiration. We found that boreal-forest soil chemistry is an important driver of the amount of carbon that microbes can process. Our results emphasize the need to include the effects of soil chemistry into models of carbon cycling to better anticipate the role played by boreal-forest soils in carbon-cycle–climate feedbacks.
Jonathan Sanderman and A. Stuart Grandy
SOIL, 6, 131–144, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-131-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-131-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soils contain one of the largest and most dynamic pools of carbon on Earth, yet scientists still struggle to understand the reactivity and fate of soil organic matter upon disturbance. In this study, we found that with increasing thermal stability, the turnover time of organic matter increased from decades to centuries with a concurrent shift in chemical composition. In this proof-of-concept study, we found that ramped thermal analyses can provide new insights for understanding soil carbon.
Carlos Alberto Quesada, Claudia Paz, Erick Oblitas Mendoza, Oliver Lawrence Phillips, Gustavo Saiz, and Jon Lloyd
SOIL, 6, 53–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-53-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-53-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Amazon soils hold as much carbon (C) as is contained in the vegetation. In this work we sampled soils across 8 different Amazonian countries to try to understand which soil properties control current Amazonian soil C concentrations. We confirm previous knowledge that highly developed soils hold C through clay content interactions but also show a previously unreported mechanism of soil C stabilization in the younger Amazonian soil types which hold C through aluminium organic matter interactions.
Songyu Yang, Boris Jansen, Samira Absalah, Rutger L. van Hall, Karsten Kalbitz, and Erik L. H. Cammeraat
SOIL, 6, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-1-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-1-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soils store large carbon and are important for global warming. We do not know what factors are important for soil carbon storage in the alpine Andes or how they work. We studied how rainfall affects soil carbon storage related to soil structure. We found soil structure is not important, but soil carbon storage and stability controlled by rainfall is dependent on rocks under the soils. The results indicate that we should pay attention to the rocks when we study soil carbon storage in the Andes.
Samuel Bouchoms, Zhengang Wang, Veerle Vanacker, and Kristof Van Oost
SOIL, 5, 367–382, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-367-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-367-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Soil erosion has detrimental effects on soil fertility which can reduce carbon inputs coming from crops to soils. Our study integrated this effect into a model linking soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics to erosion and crop productivity. When compared to observations, the inclusion of productivity improved SOC loss predictions. Over centuries, ignoring crop productivity evolution in models could result in underestimating SOC loss and overestimating C exchanged with the atmosphere.
Nicholas P. Rosenstock, Johan Stendahl, Gregory van der Heijden, Lars Lundin, Eric McGivney, Kevin Bishop, and Stefan Löfgren
SOIL, 5, 351–366, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-351-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-351-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Biofuel harvests from forests involve large removals of available nutrients, necessitating accurate measurements of soil nutrient stocks. We found that dilute hydrochloric acid extractions from soils released far more Ca, Na, and K than classical salt–extracted exchangeable nutrient pools. The size of these acid–extractable pools may indicate that forest ecosystems could sustain greater biomass extractions of Ca, Mg, and K than are predicted from salt–extracted exchangeable base cation pools.
Tiphaine Chevallier, Kenji Fujisaki, Olivier Roupsard, Florian Guidat, Rintaro Kinoshita, Elias de Melo Viginio Filho, Peter Lehner, and Alain Albrecht
SOIL, 5, 315–332, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-315-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-315-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the largest terrestrial C stock. Andosols of volcanic areas hold particularly large stocks (e.g. from 24 to 72 kgC m−2 in the upper 2 m of soil) as determined via MIR spectrometry at our Costa Rican study site: a 1 km2 basin covered by coffee agroforestry. Andic soil properties explained this high variability, which did not correlate with stocks in the upper 20 cm of soil. Topography and pedogenesis are needed to understand the SOC stocks at landscape scales.
Katelyn A. Congreves, Trang Phan, and Richard E. Farrell
SOIL, 5, 265–274, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-265-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-265-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
There are surprising grey areas in the precise quantification of pathways that produce nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas, as influenced by soil moisture. Here, we take a new look at a classic study but use isotopomers as a powerful tool to determine the source pathways of nitrous oxide as regulated by soil moisture. Our results support earlier research, but we contribute scientific advancements by providing models that enable quantifying source partitioning rather than just inferencing.
Eric McGivney, Jon Petter Gustafsson, Salim Belyazid, Therese Zetterberg, and Stefan Löfgren
SOIL, 5, 63–77, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-63-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-63-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Forest management may lead to long-term soil acidification due to the removal of base cations during harvest. By means of the HD-MINTEQ model, we compared the acidification effects of harvesting with the effects of historical acid rain at three forested sites in Sweden. The effects of harvesting on pH were predicted to be much smaller than those resulting from acid deposition during the 20th century. There were only very small changes in predicted weathering rates due to acid rain or harvest.
Veronika Kronnäs, Cecilia Akselsson, and Salim Belyazid
SOIL, 5, 33–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-33-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-33-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Weathering rates in forest soils are important for sustainable forestry but cannot be measured. In this paper, we have modelled weathering with the commonly used PROFILE model as well as with the dynamic model ForSAFE, better suited to a changing climate with changing human activities but never before tested for weathering calculations. We show that ForSAFE gives comparable weathering rates to PROFILE and that it shows the variation in weathering with time and works well for scenario modelling.
Jon Petter Gustafsson, Salim Belyazid, Eric McGivney, and Stefan Löfgren
SOIL, 4, 237–250, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-237-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-237-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates how different dynamic soil chemistry models describe the processes governing aluminium and base cations in acid soil waters. We find that traditional cation-exchange equations, which are still used in many models, diverge from state-of-the-art complexation submodels such as WHAM, SHM, and NICA-Donnan when large fluctuations in pH or ionic strength occur. In conclusion, the complexation models provide a better basis for the modelling of chemical dynamics in acid soils.
Talal Darwish, Thérèse Atallah, and Ali Fadel
SOIL, 4, 225–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-225-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-225-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is part of the GSP-ITPS effort to produce a global SOC map and update information on C stocks using old and new soil information to assess the potential for enhanced C sequestration in dry land areas of the NENA region. We used the DSMW from FAO-UNESCO (2007), focusing on organic and inorganic content in 0.3 m of topsoil and 0.7 m of subsoil, to discuss the human factors affecting the accumulation of organic C and the fate of inorganic C.
Juhwan Lee, Gina M. Garland, and Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel
SOIL, 4, 213–224, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-213-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-213-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Soil nitrogen (N) is an essential element for plant growth, but its plant-available forms are subject to loss from the environment by leaching and gaseous emissions. Still, factors controlling soil mineral N concentrations at large spatial scales are not well understood. We determined and discussed primary soil controls over the concentrations of NH4+ and NO3− at the continental scale of Australia while considering specific dominant land use patterns on a regional basis.
Eleanor Ursula Hobley, Brian Murphy, and Aaron Simmons
SOIL, 4, 169–171, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-169-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-169-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This research evaluates equations to calculate soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. Although various equations exist for SOC stock calculations, we recommend using the simplest equation with THE lowest associated errors. Adjusting SOC stock calculations for rock content is essential. Using the mass proportion of rocks to do so minimizes error.
Cora Vos, Angélica Jaconi, Anna Jacobs, and Axel Don
SOIL, 4, 153–167, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-153-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-153-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Soil organic carbon sequestration can be facilitated by agricultural management, but its influence is not the same on all soil carbon pools. We assessed how soil organic carbon is distributed among C pools in Germany, identified factors influencing this distribution and identified regions with high vulnerability to C losses. Explanatory variables were soil texture, C / N ratio, soil C content and pH. For some regions, the drivers were linked to the land-use history as heathlands or peatlands.
Sebastian Rainer Fiedler, Jürgen Augustin, Nicole Wrage-Mönnig, Gerald Jurasinski, Bertram Gusovius, and Stephan Glatzel
SOIL, 3, 161–176, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-161-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-161-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Injection of biogas digestates (BDs) is suspected to increase losses of N2O and thus to counterbalance prevented NH3 emissions. We determined N2O and N2 losses after mixing high concentrations of BD into two soils by an incubation under an artificial helium–oxygen atmosphere. Emissions did not increase with the application rate of BD, probably due to an inhibitory effect of the high NH4+ content in BD on nitrification. However, cumulated gaseous N losses may effectively offset NH3 reductions.
Ranae Dietzel, Matt Liebman, and Sotirios Archontoulis
SOIL, 3, 139–152, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-139-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-139-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Roots deeper in the soil are made up of more carbon and less nitrogen compared to roots at shallower depths, which may help explain deep-carbon origin. A comparison of prairie and maize rooting systems showed that in moving from prairie to maize, a large, structural-tissue-dominated root carbon pool with slow turnover concentrated at shallow depths was replaced by a small, nonstructural-tissue-dominated root carbon pool with fast turnover evenly distributed in the soil profile.
Julie N. Weitzman and Jason P. Kaye
SOIL, 3, 95–112, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-95-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-95-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Prior research found nitrate losses in mid-Atlantic streams following drought but no mechanistic explanation. We aim to understand how legacy sediments influence soil–stream nitrate transfer. We found that surface legacy sediments do not retain excess nitrate inputs well; once exposed, previously buried soils experience the largest drought-induced nitrate losses; and, restoration that reconnects stream and floodplain via legacy sediment removal may initially cause high losses of nitrate.
Florian Wilken, Michael Sommer, Kristof Van Oost, Oliver Bens, and Peter Fiener
SOIL, 3, 83–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-83-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-83-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Model-based analyses of the effect of soil erosion on carbon (C) dynamics are associated with large uncertainties partly resulting from oversimplifications of erosion processes. This study evaluates the need for process-oriented modelling to analyse erosion-induced C fluxes in different catchments. The results underline the importance of a detailed representation of tillage and water erosion processes. For water erosion, grain-size-specific transport is essential to simulate lateral C fluxes.
Samuel N. Araya, Marilyn L. Fogel, and Asmeret Asefaw Berhe
SOIL, 3, 31–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-31-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-31-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This research investigates how fires of different intensities affect soil organic matter properties. This study identifies critical temperature thresholds of significant soil organic matter changes. Findings from this study will contribute towards estimating the amount and rate of changes in soil carbon, nitrogen, and other essential soil properties that can be expected from fires of different intensities under anticipated climate change scenarios.
Lesego Khomo, Susan Trumbore, Carleton R. Bern, and Oliver A. Chadwick
SOIL, 3, 17–30, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-17-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-17-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated mineral control of organic carbon dynamics by relating the content and age of carbon stored in soils of varied mineralogical composition found in the landscapes of Kruger National Park, South Africa. Carbon associated with smectite clay minerals, which have stronger surface–organic matter interactions, averaged about a thousand years old, while most soil carbon was only decades to centuries old and was associated with iron and aluminum oxide minerals.
Jonathan Sanderman, Courtney Creamer, W. Troy Baisden, Mark Farrell, and Stewart Fallon
SOIL, 3, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-1-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-1-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge of how soil carbon stocks and flows change in response to agronomic management decisions is a critical step in devising management strategies that best promote food security while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we present 40 years of data demonstrating that increasing productivity both leads to greater carbon stocks and accelerates the decomposition of soil organic matter, thus providing more nutrients back to the crop.
Barry G. Rawlins, Joanna Wragg, Christina Reinhard, Robert C. Atwood, Alasdair Houston, R. Murray Lark, and Sebastian Rudolph
SOIL, 2, 659–671, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-659-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-659-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We do not understand processes by which soil bacteria and fungi feed on soil organic matter (SOM). Previous research suggests the location of SOM in aggregates may influence whether bacteria can feed on it more easily. We did an experiment to identify the distribution of SOM on very small scales within nine soil aggregates. There was no clear evidence that the distribution of organic matter influenced how easily the organic matter was fed upon by bacteria.
Anne B. Jansen-Willems, Gary J. Lanigan, Timothy J. Clough, Louise C. Andresen, and Christoph Müller
SOIL, 2, 601–614, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-601-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-601-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Legacy effects of increased temperature on both nitrogen (N) transformation rates and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from permanent temperate grassland soil were evaluated. A new source-partitioning model showed the importance of oxidation of organic N as a source of N2O. Gross organic (and not inorganic) N transformation rates decreased in response to the prior soil warming treatment. This was also reflected in reduced N2O emissions associated with organic N oxidation and denitrification.
Juliane Filser, Jack H. Faber, Alexei V. Tiunov, Lijbert Brussaard, Jan Frouz, Gerlinde De Deyn, Alexei V. Uvarov, Matty P. Berg, Patrick Lavelle, Michel Loreau, Diana H. Wall, Pascal Querner, Herman Eijsackers, and Juan José Jiménez
SOIL, 2, 565–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-565-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-565-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Soils store more than 3 times as much carbon than the atmosphere, but global carbon models still suffer from large uncertainty. We argue that this may be due to the fact that soil animals are not taken into account in such models. They dig, eat and distribute dead organic matter and microorganisms, and the quantity of their activity is often huge. Soil animals affect microbial activity, soil water content, soil structure, erosion and plant growth – and all of this affects carbon cycling.
Sebastian Rainer Fiedler, Peter Leinweber, Gerald Jurasinski, Kai-Uwe Eckhardt, and Stephan Glatzel
SOIL, 2, 475–486, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-475-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-475-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We applied Py-FIMS, CO2 measurements and hot-water extraction on farmland to investigate short-term effects of tillage on soil organic matter (SOM) turnover. SOM composition changed on the temporal scale of days and the changes varied significantly under different types of amendment. Particularly obvious were the turnover of lignin-derived substances and depletion of carbohydrates due to soil respiration. The long-term impact of biogas digestates on SOM stocks should be examined more closely.
Louise C. Andresen, Anna-Karin Björsne, Samuel Bodé, Leif Klemedtsson, Pascal Boeckx, and Tobias Rütting
SOIL, 2, 433–442, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-433-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-433-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In soil the constant transport of nitrogen (N) containing compounds from soil organic matter and debris out into the soil water, is controlled by soil microbes and enzymes that literally cut down polymers (such as proteins) into single amino acids (AA), hereafter microbes consume AAs and excrete ammonium back to the soil. We developed a method for analysing N turnover and flow of organic N, based on parallel 15N tracing experiments. The numerical model gives robust and simultaneous quantification.
Luitgard Schwendenmann and Cate Macinnis-Ng
SOIL, 2, 403–419, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-403-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-403-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first study quantifying total soil CO2 efflux, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration in an old-growth kauri forest. Root biomass explained a high proportion of the spatial variation suggesting that soil CO2 efflux in this forest is not only directly affected by the amount of autotrophic respiration but also by the supply of C through roots and mycorrhiza. Our findings also suggest that biotic factors such as tree structure should be investigated in soil carbon related studies.
Samuel N. Araya, Mercer Meding, and Asmeret Asefaw Berhe
SOIL, 2, 351–366, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-351-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-351-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Using laboratory heating, we studied effects of fire intensity on important topsoil characteristics. This study identifies critical temperature thresholds for significant physical and chemical changes in soils that developed under different climate regimes. Findings from this study will contribute towards estimating the amount and rate of change in essential soil properties that can be expected from topsoil exposure to different intensity fires under anticipated climate change scenarios.
Thimo Klotzbücher, Karsten Kalbitz, Chiara Cerli, Peter J. Hernes, and Klaus Kaiser
SOIL, 2, 325–335, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-325-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-325-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Uncertainties concerning stabilization of organic compounds in soil limit our basic understanding on soil organic matter (SOM) formation and our ability to model and manage effects of global change on SOM stocks. One controversially debated aspect is the contribution of aromatic litter components, such as lignin and tannins, to stable SOM forms. Here, we summarize and discuss the inconsistencies and propose research options to clear them.
Emmanuel Frossard, Nina Buchmann, Else K. Bünemann, Delwende I. Kiba, François Lompo, Astrid Oberson, Federica Tamburini, and Ouakoltio Y. A. Traoré
SOIL, 2, 83–99, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-83-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-83-2016, 2016
H. C. Hombegowda, O. van Straaten, M. Köhler, and D. Hölscher
SOIL, 2, 13–23, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-13-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-13-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Incorporating trees into agriculture systems provides numerous environmental services. In this chronosequence study conducted across S. India, we found that agroforestry systems (AFSs), specifically home gardens, coffee, coconut and mango, can cause soil organic carbon (SOC) to rebound to forest levels. We established 224 plots in 56 clusters and compared the SOC between natural forests, agriculture and AFSs. SOC sequestered depending on AFS type, environmental conditions and tree diversity.
Cited articles
Angst, G., Messinger, J., Greiner, M., Häusler, W., Hertel, D., Kirfel, K., Kögel-Knabner, I., Leuschner, C., Rethemeyer, J., and Mueller, C. W.: Soil organic carbon stocks in topsoil and subsoil controlled by parent material, carbon input in the rhizosphere, and microbial-derived compounds, Soil Biol. Biochem., 122, 19–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.03.026, 2018.
Aquino, A. J. A., Tunega, D., Schaumann, G. E., Haberhauer, G., Gerzabek, M. H., and Lischka, H.: The functionality of cation bridges for binding polar groups in soil aggregates, Int. J. Quantum Chem., 111, 1531–1542, https://doi.org/10.1002/qua.22693, 2011.
Baes, A. U. and Bloom, P. R.: Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (DRIFT) of humic and fulvic acids, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 53, 695–700, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1989.03615995005300030008x, 1989.
Banfield, C. C., Dippold, M. A., Pausch, J., Hoang, D. T. T., and Kuzyakov, Y.: Biopore history determines the microbial community composition in subsoil hotspots, Biol. Fert. Soils, 53, 573–588, https://doi.org/10.1007/S00374-017-1201-5, 2017.
Bernal, B., McKinley, D. C., Hungate, B. A., White, P. M., Mozdzer, T. J., and Megonigal, J. P.: Limits to soil carbon stability; Deep, ancient soil carbon decomposition stimulated by new labile organic inputs, Soil Biol. Biochem., 98, 85–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2016.04.007, 2016.
Blake, G. R. and Hartge, K. H.: Bulk Density, in: Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1 – Physical and Mineralogical Methods, edited by: Klute, A., SSSA Book Ser. 5.1. SSSA, ASA, Madison, WI, 363–375, Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c13, 1986.
Bleam, W. F.: Soil Science Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Adv. Agron., 46, 91–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60579-9, 1991.
Bonkowski, M.: Protozoa and plant growth: the microbial loop in soil revisited, New Phytol., 162, 617–631, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01066.x, 2004.
Bossio, D. A. and Scow, K. M.: Impacts of carbon and flooding on soil microbial communities: Phospholipid fatty acid profiles and substrate utilization patterns, Microb. Ecol., 35, 265–278, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002489900082, 1998.
Brady, N. C. and Weil, R. R.: The Nature and Properties of Soils, 15th Edn., Pearson Education, Pearson Press,
Columbus, Ohio, ISBN-13 978-0133254488, 2017.
Brooks, E. S., Boll, J., and McDaniel, P. A.: A hillslope-scale experiment to measure lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity, Water Resour. Res., 40, 4208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002858, 2004.
Buchmann, C. and Schaumann, G. E.: The contribution of various organic matter fractions to soil–water interactions and structural stability of an agriculturally cultivated soil, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sc., 181, 586–599, https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201700437, 2018.
Buyer, J. S. and Sasser, M.: High throughput phospholipid fatty acid analysis of soils, Appl.
Soil Ecol., 61, 127–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2012.06.005, 2012.
Çerçioğlu, M., Anderson, S. H., Udawatta, R. P., and Alagele, S.: Effect of cover crop management on soil hydraulic properties, Geoderma, 343, 247–253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.02.027, 2019.
Chabbi, A., Kögel-Knabner, I., and Rumpel, C.: Stabilised carbon in subsoil horizons is located in spatially distinct parts of the soil profile, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 256–261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.10.033, 2009.
Chantigny, M. H.: Dissolved and water-extractable organic matter in soils: A review on the
influence of land use and management practices, Geoderma, 113, 357–380,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00370-1, 2003.
Chen, G. and Weil, R. R.: Penetration of cover crop roots through compacted soils, Plant Soil, 331, 31–43, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0223-7, 2010.
Chen, S., Martin, M. P., Saby, N. P. A., Walter, C., Angers, D. A., and Arrouays, D.: Fine resolution map of top- and subsoil carbon sequestration potential in France, Sci. Total Environ., 630, 389–400, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.209, 2018.
Chenu, C., Angers, D. A., Barré, P., Derrien, D., Arrouays, D., and Balesdent, J.: Increasing organic stocks in agricultural soils: Knowledge gaps and potential innovations, Soil Till. Res., 188, 41–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.04.011, 2019.
Cole, J. S. and Mathews, O. R.: Subsoil moisture under semiarid conditions, Technical Bulletins 167381, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research
Service, https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.167381, 1939.
Colla, G., Mitchell, J. P., Joyce, B. A., Huyck, L. M., Wallender, W. W., Temple, S. R., Hsiao, T. C., and Poudel, D. D.: Soil physical properties and tomato yield and quality in alternative cropping systems, Agron. J., 92, 924–932, https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.925924x, 2000.
Coonan, E. C., Kirkby, C. A., Kirkegaard, J. A., Amidy, M. R., Strong, C. L., and Richardson, A. E.: Microorganisms and nutrient stoichiometry as mediators of soil organic matter dynamics, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 117, 273–298, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-020-10076-8, 2020.
Cotrufo, M. F., Wallenstein, M. D., Boot, C. M., Denef, K., and Paul, E.: The Microbial Efficiency-Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization: Do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter?, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 988–995, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12113, 2013.
Cui, Y., Zhang, Y., Duan, C., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Ju, W., Chen, H., Yue, S., Wang, Y., Li, S., and Fang, L.: Ecoenzymatic stoichiometry reveals microbial phosphorus limitation decreases the nitrogen cycling potential of soils in semi-arid agricultural ecosystems, Soil Till. Res., 197, 104463, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.104463, 2020.
Dalal, R. C. and Henry, R. J.: Simultaneous Determination of Moisture, Organic Carbon, and Total Nitrogen by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectrophotometry, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 50, 120–123, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000010023x, 1986.
Dangal, S. R. S., Sanderman, J., Wills, S., and Ramirez-Lopez, L.: Accurate and Precise Prediction of Soil Properties from a Large Mid-Infrared Spectral Library, Soil Systems, 3, 11, https://doi.org/10.3390/SOILSYSTEMS3010011, 2019.
Deiss, L., Margenot, A. J., Culman, S. W., and Demyan, M. S.: Optimizing acquisition parameters in diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy of soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 84, 930–948, https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20028, 2020.
Deiss, L., Sall, A., Demyan, M. S., and Culman, S. W.: Does crop rotation affect soil organic matter stratification in tillage systems, Soil Till. Res., 209, 104932, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.104932, 2021.
Demyan, M. S., Rasche, F., Schulz, E., Breulmann, M., Müller, T., and Cadisch, G.: Use of specific peaks obtained by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy to study the composition of organic matter in a Haplic Chernozem, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 63, 189–199, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01420.x, 2012.
de Queiroz, M. G., da Silva, T. G. F., Zolnier, S., Jardim, A. M. da R. F., de Souza, C. A. A., Araújo Júnior, G. do N., de Morais, J. E. F., and de Souza, L. S. B.: Spatial and temporal dynamics of soil moisture for surfaces with a change in land use in the semi-arid region of Brazil, CATENA, 188, 104457, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CATENA.2020.104457, 2020.
Dick, R. P.: A review: long-term effects of agricultural systems on soil biochemical and microbial parameters, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 40, 25–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(92)90081-L, 1992.
Ding, G., Liu, X., Herbert, S., Novak, J., Amarasiriwardena, D., and Xing, B.: Effect of cover crop management on soil organic matter, Geoderma, 130, 229–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEODERMA.2005.01.019, 2006.
Doane, T. A. and Horwáth, W. R.: Spectrophotometric determination of nitrate with a single reagent, Anal. Lett., 36, 2713–2722, https://doi.org/10.1081/AL-120024647, 2003.
Drenovsky, R. E., Vo, D., Graham, K. J., and Scow, K. M.: Soil water content and organic carbon availability are major determinants of soil microbial community composition, Microb. Ecol., 48, 424–430, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-003-1063-2, 2004.
Dungait, J. A. J., Hopkins, D. W., Gregory, A. S., and Whitmore, A. P.: Soil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance, Glob. Change Biol., 18, 1781–1796, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02665.x, 2012.
Edwards, P.: Sulfur cycling, retention, and mobility in soils: a review, available at: http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/technical_reports/pdfs/1998/gtrne250.pdf (last access: 10 April 2020), 1998.
Elliott, E. T.: Aggregate Structure and Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in Native and Cultivated Soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 50, 627–633, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000030017x, 1986.
Fan, J., McConkey, B., Wang, H., and Janzen, H.: Root distribution by depth for temperate agricultural crops, Field Crop. Res., 189, 68–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.02.013, 2016.
Fanin, N., Kardol, P., Farrell, M., Nilsson, M. C., Gundale, M. J., and Wardle, D. A.: The ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacterial PLFA markers as an indicator of carbon availability in organic soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 128, 111–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.10.010, 2019.
Fierer, N., Allen, A. S., Schimel, J. P., and Holden, P. A.: Controls on microbial CO2 production: A comparison of surface and subsurface soil horizons, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 1322–1332, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00663.x, 2003a.
Fierer, N., Schimel, J. P., and Holden, P. A.: Variations in microbial community composition through two soil depth profiles, Soil Biol. Biochem., 35, 167–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00251-1, 2003b.
Franzluebbers, A. J.: Water infiltration and soil structure related to organic matter and its stratification with depth, Soil Till. Res., 66, 197–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00027-2, 2002.
Frostegård, Å., Tunlid, A., and Bååth, E.: Use and misuse of PLFA measurements in soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 43, 1621–1625, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.11.021, 2011.
Ghestem, M., Sidle, R. C., and Stokes, A.: The influence of plant root systems on subsurface flow: Implications for slope stability, Bioscience, 61, 869–879, https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.11.6, 2011.
Gulick, S. H., Grimes, D. W., Munk, D. S., and Goldhamer, D. A.: Cover-Crop-Enhanced Water Infiltration of a Slowly Permeable Fine Sandy Loam, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 58, 1539–1546, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800050038x, 1994.
Hangen, E., Buczko, U., Bens, O., Brunotte, J., and Hüttl, R. F.: Infiltration patterns into two soils under conventional and conservation tillage: Influence of the spatial distribution of plant root structures and soil animal activity, Soil Till. Res., 63, 181–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00234-3, 2002.
Harrison, R. B., Footen, P. W., and Strahm, B. D.: Deep soil horizons: Contribution and importance to soil carbon pools and in assessing whole-ecosystem response to management and global change, Forest Sci., 57, 67–76, 2011.
Haruna, S. I., Nkongolo, N. V., Anderson, S. H., Eivazi, F., and Zaibon, S.: In situ infiltration as influenced by cover crop and tillage management, J. Soil Water Conserv., 73, 164–172, https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.73.2.164, 2018.
Hesse, M., Meier, H., and Zeeh, B.: Spektroskopische Methoden in der Organischen Chemie, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, https://doi.org/10.1002/pauz.19960250417, 2005 (in German).
Hicks Pries, C. E., Sulman, B. N., West, C., O'Neill, C., Poppleton, E., Porras, R. C., Castanha, C., Zhu, B., Wiedemeier, D. B., and Torn, M. S.: Root litter decomposition slows with soil depth, Soil Biol. Biochem., 125, 103–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.07.002, 2018.
Jenny, H.: Factors of Soil Formation: A System of Quantitative Pedology, Dover Publications,
New York, ISBN 978-05-9853-785-0, 1941.
Jilling, A., Kane, D., Williams, A., Yannarell, A. C., Davis, A., Jordan, N. R., Koide, R. T., Mortensen, D. A., Smith, R. G., Snapp, S. S., Spokas, K. A., and Stuart Grandy, A.: Rapid and distinct responses of particulate and mineral-associated organic nitrogen to conservation tillage and cover crops, Geoderma, 359, 114001, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114001, 2020.
Johnston, A. E. and Poulton, P. R.: The importance of long-term experiments in agriculture: their management to ensure continued crop production and soil fertility; the Rothamsted experience, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 69, 113–125, https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12521, 2018.
Jones, D. L. and Willett, V. B.: Experimental evaluation of methods to quantify dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 38, 991–999, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2005.08.012, 2006.
Joyce, B. A., Wallender, W. W., Mitchell, J. P., Huyck, L. M., Temple, S. R., Brostrom, P. N., and Hsiao, T. C.: Infiltration and Soil Water Storage Under Winter Cover Cropping in California's Sacramento Valley, T. ASAE, 45, 315–326, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.8526, 2002.
Kaiser, K. and Kalbitz, K.: Cycling downwards – dissolved organic matter in soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 52, 29–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2012.04.002, 2012.
Kautz, T., Amelung, W., Ewert, F., Gaiser, T., Horn, R., Jahn, R., Javaux, M., Kemna, A., Kuzyakov, Y., Munch, J. C., Pätzold, S., Peth, S., Scherer, H. W., Schloter, M., Schneider, H., Vanderborght, J., Vetterlein, D., Walter, A., Wiesenberg, G. L. B., and Köpke, U.: Nutrient acquisition from arable subsoils in temperate climates: A review, Soil Biol. Biochem., 57, 1003–1022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.09.014, 2013.
Keel, S. G., Anken, T., Büchi, L., Chervet, A., Fliessbach, A., Flisch, R., Huguenin-Elie, O., Mäder, P., Mayer, J., Sinaj, S., Sturny, W., Wüst-Galley, C., Zihlmann, U., and Leifeld, J.: Loss of soil organic carbon in Swiss long-term agricultural experiments over a wide range of management practices, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 286, 106654, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106654, 2019.
Keiluweit, M., Bougoure, J. J., Nico, P. S., Pett-Ridge, J., Weber, P. K., and Kleber, M.: Mineral protection of soil carbon counteracted by root exudates, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 588–595, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2580, 2015.
Kirkby, C. A., Kirkegaard, J. A., Richardson, A. E., Wade, L. J., Blanchard, C., and Batten, G.: Stable soil organic matter: A comparison of ratios in Australian and other world soils, Geoderma, 163, 197–208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.04.010, 2011.
Kirkby, C. A., Richardson, A. E., Wade, L. J., Batten, G. D., Blanchard, C., and Kirkegaard, J. A.: Carbon-nutrient stoichiometry to increase soil carbon sequestration, Soil Biol. Biochem., 60, 77–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.01.011, 2013.
Kong, A. Y. Y., Fonte, S. J., van Kessel, C., and Six, J.: Transitioning from standard to
minimum tillage: Trade-offs between soil organic matter stabilization, nitrous oxide
emissions, and N availability in irrigated cropping systems, Soil Till. Res., 104,
256–262, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.STILL.2009.03.004, 2009.
Kuzyakov, Y.: Priming effects: Interactions between living and dead organic matter, Soil Biol. Biochem., 42, 1363–1371, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.04.003, 2010.
Laos, F., Satti, P., Walter, I., Mazzarino, M. J., and Moyano, S.: Nutrient availability of composted and noncomposted residues in a Patagonian Xeric Mollisol, Biol. Fert. Soils, 31, 462–469, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003740000192, 2000.
Lavallee, J. M., Soong, J. L., and Cotrufo, M. F.: Conceptualizing soil organic matter into particulate and mineral-associated forms to address global change in the 21st century, Glob. Change Biol., 26, 261–273, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14859, 2020.
Leifeld, J., Siebert, S., and Kögel-Knabner, I.: Changes in the chemical composition of soil organic matter after application of compost, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 53, 299–309, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1351-0754.2002.00453.x, 2002.
Leinemann, T., Preusser, S., Mikutta, R., Kalbitz, K., Cerli, C., Höschen, C., Mueller, C. W., Kandeler, E., and Guggenberger, G.: Multiple exchange processes on mineral surfaces control the transport of dissolved organic matter through soil profiles, Soil Biol. Biochem., 118, 79–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.12.006, 2018.
Li, S., Zheng, X., Liu, C., Yao, Z., Zhang, W., and Han, S.: Influences of observation method, season, soil depth, land use and management practice on soil dissolvable organic carbon concentrations: A meta-analysis, Sci. Total Environ., 631–632, 105–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.238, 2018.
Liebmann, P., Wordell-Dietrich, P., Kalbitz, K., Mikutta, R., Kalks, F., Don, A., Woche, S. K., Dsilva, L. R., and Guggenberger, G.: Relevance of aboveground litter for soil organic matter formation – a soil profile perspective, Biogeosciences, 17, 3099–3113, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3099-2020, 2020.
Lorenz, K. and Lal, R.: The Depth Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon in Relation to Land Use and Management and the Potential of Carbon Sequestration in Subsoil Horizons, Adv. Agron., 88, 35–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(05)88002-2, 2005.
Mailapalli, D. R., Horwath, W. R., Wallender, W. W., and Burger, M.: Infiltration, Runoff, and Export of Dissolved Organic Carbon from Furrow-Irrigated Forage Fields under Cover Crop and No-Till Management in the Arid Climate of California, J. Irrig. Drain. E., 138, 35–42, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000385, 2012.
Maltais-Landry, G., Scow, K., and Brennan, E.: Soil phosphorus mobilization in the rhizosphere of cover crops has little effect on phosphorus cycling in California agricultural soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 78, 255–262, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2014.08.013, 2014.
Margenot, A. J., Calderón, F. J., Bowles, T. M., Parikh, S. J., and Jackson, L. E.: Soil organic matter functional group composition in relation to organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus fractions in organically managed tomato fields, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 79, 772–782, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2015.02.0070, 2015.
Margenot, A. J., Calderon, F. J., and Parikh, S. J.: Limitations and potential of spectral subtractions in Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of soil samples, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 80, 10–26, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2015.06.0228, 2016.
Margenot, A. J., Parikh, S. J., and Calderón, F. J.: Improving infrared spectroscopy characterization of soil organic matter with spectral subtractions, JOVE-J. Vis. Exp., 2019, e57464, https://doi.org/10.3791/57464, 2019.
Matlou, M. C. and Haynes, R. J.: Soluble organic matter and microbial biomass C and N in soils under pasture and arable management and the leaching of organic C, N and nitrate in a lysimeter study, Appl. Soil Ecol., 34, 160–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.02.005, 2006.
Maxin, C. R. and Kogel-Knabner, I.: Partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to water-soluble soil organic matter, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 46, 193–204, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1995.tb01827.x, 1995.
Medellín-Azuara, J., Howitt, R. E., MacEwan, D. J., and Lund, J. R.: Economic impacts of climate-related changes to California agriculture, Clim. Change, 109, 387–405, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0314-3, 2011.
Mehlich, A.: Mehlich 3 soil test extractant: A modification of Mehlich 2 extractant, Commun. Soil Sci. Plan., 15, 1409–1416, https://doi.org/10.1080/00103628409367568, 1984.
Min, K., Berhe, A. A., Khoi, C. M., van Asperen, H., Gillabel, J., and Six, J.: Differential effects of wetting and drying on soil CO2 concentration and flux in near-surface vs. deep soil layers, Biogeochemistry, 148, 255–269, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00658-7, 2020.
Mise, K., Maruyama, R., Miyabara, Y., Kunito, T., Senoo, K., and Otsuka, S.: Time-series analysis of phosphorus-depleted microbial communities in carbon/nitrogen-amended soils, Appl. Soil Ecol., 145, 103346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.08.008, 2020.
Mobley, M. L., Lajtha, K., Kramer, M. G., Bacon, A. R., Heine, P. R., and Richter, D. D.: Surficial gains and subsoil losses of soil carbon and nitrogen during secondary forest development, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 986–996, https://doi.org/10.1111/GCB.12715, 2015.
Moore-Kucera, J. and Dick, R. P.: PLFA profiling of microbial community structure and seasonal shifts in soils of a Douglas-fir chronosequence, Microb. Ecol., 55, 500–511, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-007-9295-1, 2008.
Ng, E. L., Patti, A. F., Rose, M. T., Schefe, C. R., Wilkinson, K., and Cavagnaro, T. R.: Functional stoichiometry of soil microbial communities after amendment with stabilised organic matter, Soil Biol. Biochem., 76, 170–178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.05.016, 2014.
Ogilvie, C. M., Ashiq, W., Vasava, H. B., and Biswas, A.: Quantifying Root-Soil Interactions in Cover Crop Systems: A Review, Agriculture, 11, 218, https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030218, 2021.
Orlov, D. S.: Humus acids of soil, Balkema, Rotterdam, https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.19871500116, 1986.
Orwin, K. H., Dickie, I. A., Holdaway, R., and Wood, J. R.: A comparison of the ability of PLFA and 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding to resolve soil community change and predict ecosystem functions, Soil Biol. Biochem., 117, 27–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.10.036, 2018.
Øygarden, L., Kværner, J., and Jenssen, P. D.: Soil erosion via preferential flow to drainage systems in clay soils, Geoderma, 76, 65–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(96)00099-7, 1997.
Ozelim, L. C. de S. M. and Cavalcante, A. L. B.: Representative Elementary Volume Determination for Permeability and Porosity Using Numerical Three-Dimensional Experiments in Microtomography Data, Int. J. Geomech., 18, 04017154, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001060, 2018.
Pagliai, M., Vignozzi, N., and Pellegrini, S.: Soil structure and the effect of management practices, Soil Till. Res., 79, 131–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.STILL.2004.07.002, 2004.
Parikh, S. J., Margenot, A. J., Mukome, F. N. D., Calderon, F., and Goyne, K. W.: Soil Chemical Insights Provided through Vibrational Spectroscopy, Adv. Agron., 126, 1–148, 2014.
Pathak, T., Maskey, M., Dahlberg, J., Kearns, F., Bali, K., and Zaccaria, D.: Climate Change Trends and Impacts on California Agriculture: A Detailed Review, Agronomy, 8, 25, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8030025, 2018.
Paul, E. A., Follett, R. F., Leavitt, S. W., Halvorson, A., Peterson, G. A., and Lyon, D. J.: Radiocarbon Dating for Determination of Soil Organic Matter Pool Sizes and Dynamics, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61, 1058–1067, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100040011x, 1997.
Paul, E. A., Collins, H. P., and Leavitt, S. W.: Dynamics of resistant soil carbon of midwestern agricultural soils measured by naturally occurring 14C abundance, Geoderma, 104, 239–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(01)00083-0, 2001.
Petersen, S. O. and Klug, M. J.: Effects of sieving, storage, and incubation temperature on the phospholipid fatty acid profile of a soil microbial community, Appl. Environ. Microb., 60, 2421–2430, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.60.7.2421-2430.1994, 1994.
Pignatello, J. J.: The Measurement and Interpretation of Sorption and Desorption Rates for Organic Compounds in Soil Media, Adv. Agron., 69, 1–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60946-3, 1999.
Preusch, P. L., Adler, P. R., Sikora, L. J., and Tworkoski, T. J.: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability in Composted and Uncomposted Poultry Litter, J. Environ. Qual., 31, 2051–2057, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.2051, 2002.
Rath, D., Bogie, N., Deiss, L., Parikh, S., Wang, D., Tautges, N., Berhe, A. A., and Scow, K.: danrath/2018_RRCARBON_DEPTH: Data and Code for Submission to Soil EGU Journal 2_23_21 (1.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4558161, 2021a.
Rath, D., Bogie, N., Deiss, L., Parikh, S., Wang, D., Tautges, N., Berhe, A. A., and Scow, K.: danrath/2018_RRCARBON_DEPTH: Data and Code for Submission to Soil EGU Journal 2_23_21 (1.0), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4558161, 2021b.
Rapalee, G., Trumbore, S. E., Davidson, E. A., Harden, J. W., and Veldhuis, H.: Soil Carbon stocks and their rates of accumulation and loss in a boreal forest landscape, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 12, 687–701, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GB02336, 1998.
R Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, https://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 13 January 2022), 2017.
Rhine, E. D., Mulvaney, R. L., Pratt, E. J., and Sims, G. K.: Improving the Berthelot reaction for determining ammonium in soil extracts and water, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62, 473–480, 1998.
Richardson, A. E., Kirkby, C. A., Banerjee, S., and Kirkegaard, J. A.: The inorganic nutrient cost of building soil carbon, Carbon Manag., 5, 265–268, https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2014.923226, 2014.
Roth, V. N., Lange, M., Simon, C., Hertkorn, N., Bucher, S., Goodall, T., Griffiths, R. I., Mellado-Vázquez, P. G., Mommer, L., Oram, N. J., Weigelt, A., Dittmar, T., and Gleixner, G.: Persistence of dissolved organic matter explained by molecular changes during its passage through soil, Nat. Geosci., 12, 755–761, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0417-4, 2019.
Rumpel, C. and Kögel-Knabner, I.: Deep soil organic matter – a key but poorly understood component of terrestrial C cycle, Plant Soil, 338, 143–158, 2011.
Rumpel, C., Chabbi, A., and Marschner, B.: Carbon storage and sequestration in subsoil horizons: Knowledge, gaps and potentials, in: Recarbonization of the Biosphere: Ecosystems and the Global Carbon Cycle, 445–464, Springer Netherlands, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4159-1_20, 2012.
Salomé, C., Nunan, N., Pouteau, V., Lerch, T. Z., and Chenu, C.: Carbon dynamics in topsoil and in subsoil may be controlled by different regulatory mechanisms, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 416–426, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01884.x, 2010.
Samson, M. E., Chantigny, M. H., Vanasse, A., Menasseri-Aubry, S., Royer, I., and Angers, D. A.: Management practices differently affect particulate and mineral-associated organic matter and their precursors in arable soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 148, 107867, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107867, 2020.
Sanaullah, M., Chabbi, A., Leifeld, J., Bardoux, G., Billou, D., and Rumpel, C.: Decomposition and stabilization of root litter in top- and subsoil horizons: What is the difference?, Plant Soil, 338, 127–141, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0554-4, 2011.
Sanderman, J. and Amundson, R.: A comparative study of dissolved organic carbon transport and stabilization in California forest and grassland soils, Biogeochemistry, 89, 309–327, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-008-9221-8, 2008.
Schmidt, J. E., Peterson, C., Wang, D., Scow, K. M., and Gaudin, A. C. M.: Agroecosystem tradeoffs associated with conversion to subsurface drip irrigation in organic systems, Agr. Water Manage., 202, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.02.005, 2018.
Scott, H. D., Waddle, B. A., Williams, W., Frans, R. E., and Keisling, T. C.: Winter cover crops influence on cotton yield and selected soil properties1, Commun. Soil Sci. Plan., 25, 3087–3100, https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629409369250, 1994.
Scow, K., Bryant, D. M., Burger, M., and Torbert, E.: Russell Ranch Sustainable Agriculture Facility, available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255668835 (last access: 17 November 2021), 2012.
Sharpley, A. and Moyer, B.: Phosphorus Forms in Manure and Compost and Their Release during Simulated Rainfall, J. Environ. Qual., 29, 1462–1469, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900050012x, 2000.
Silhavy, T. J., Kahne, D., and Walker, S.: The bacterial cell envelope, CSH Perspect. Biol., 2, a000414, https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a000414, 2010.
Singh, G., Kaur, G., Williard, K. W. J., and Schoonover, J. E.: Cover crops and tillage effects on carbon–nitrogen pools: A lysimeter study, Vadose Zone J., 20, e20110, https://doi.org/10.1002/VZJ2.20110, 2021.
Slessarev, E. W., Lin, Y., Jiménez, B. Y., Homyak, P. M., Chadwick, O. A., D'Antonio, C. M., and Schimel, J. P.: Cellular and extracellular C contributions to respiration after wetting dry soil, Biogeochemistry, 147, 307–324, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00645-y, 2020.
Smernik, R. J. and Oades, J. M.: Paramagnetic Effects on Solid State Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Soil Organic Matter, J. Environ. Qual., 31, 414–420, https://doi.org/10.2134/JEQ2002.4140, 2002.
Smith, B. C.: Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, 2nd Edn., CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, ISBN-13 978-1420069297, 2011.
Smitii, A.: Seasonal subsoil temperature variations, J. Agric. Res., 44, 421–428, 1932.
Soil Survey Staff: Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th Edn., USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC, ISBN 978-03-5957-324-0, 2014.
Sokol, N. W. and Bradford, M. A.: Microbial formation of stable soil carbon is more efficient from belowground than aboveground input, Nat. Geosci., 12, 46–53, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0258-6, 2019.
Soong, J. L., Fuchslueger, L., Marañon-Jimenez, S., Torn, M. S., Janssens, I. A., Penuelas, J., and Richter, A.: Microbial carbon limitation: The need for integrating microorganisms into our understanding of ecosystem carbon cycling, Glob. Change Biol., 26, 1953–1961, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14962, 2020.
Soong, J. L., Castanha, C., Pries, C. E. H., Ofiti, N., Porras, R. C., Riley, W. J., Schmidt, M. W. I., and Torn, M. S.: Five years of whole-soil warming led to loss of subsoil carbon stocks and increased CO2 efflux, Sci. Adv., 7, eabd1343, https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIADV.ABD1343, 2021.
Spohn, M., Klaus, K., Wanek, W., and Richter, A.: Microbial carbon use efficiency and biomass turnover times depending on soil depth – Implications for carbon cycling, Soil Biol. Biochem., 96, 74–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.01.016, 2016.
Sradnick, A., Oltmanns, M., Raupp, J., and Joergensen, R. G.: Microbial residue indices down the soil profile after long-term addition of farmyard manure and mineral fertilizer to a sandy soil, Geoderma, 226–227, 79–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.03.005, 2014.
Steenwerth, K. and Belina, K. M.: Cover crops enhance soil organic matter, carbon dynamics and microbiological function in a vineyard agroecosystem, Appl. Soil Ecol., 40, 359–369, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2008.06.006, 2008.
Syswerda, S. P., Corbin, A. T., Mokma, D. L., Kravchenko, A. N., and Robertson, G. P.: Agricultural Management and Soil Carbon Storage in Surface vs. Deep Layers, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 75, 92–101, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2009.0414, 2011.
Tautges, N. E., Chiartas, J. L., Gaudin, A. C. M., O'Geen, A. T., Herrera, I., and Scow, K. M.: Deep soil inventories reveal that impacts of cover crops and compost on soil carbon sequestration differ in surface and subsurface soils, Glob. Change Biol., 25, 3753–3766, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14762, 2019.
Taylor, J. P., Wilson, B., Mills, M. S., and Burns, R. G.: Comparison of microbial numbers and enzymatic activities in surface soils and subsoils using various techniques, Soil Biol. Biochem., 34, 387–401, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00199-7, 2002.
van Bavel, C. H. M.: Mean Weight-Diameter of Soil Aggregates as a Statistical Index of Aggregation, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 14, 20–23, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1950.036159950014000c0005x, 1950.
VandenBygaart, A. J., Bremer, E., McConkey, B. G., Ellert, B. H., Janzen, H. H., Angers, D. A., Carter, M. R., Drury, C. F., Lafond, G. P., and McKenzie, R. H.: Impact of Sampling Depth on Differences in Soil Carbon Stocks in Long-Term Agroecosystem Experiments, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 75, 226–234, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2010.0099, 2011.
Vinten, A. J. A., Vivian, B. J., Wright, F., and Howard, R. S.: A comparative study of nitrate leaching from soils of differing textures under similar climatic and cropping conditions, J. Hydrol., 159, 197–213, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90256-9, 1994.
Wang, D., Fonte, S. J., Parikh, S. J., Six, J., and Scow, K. M.: Biochar additions can enhance soil structure and the physical stabilization of C in aggregates, Geoderma, 303, 110–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.05.027, 2017.
West, J. R., Cates, A. M., Ruark, M. D., Deiss, L., Whitman, T., and Rui, Y.: Winter rye does not increase microbial necromass contributions to soil organic carbon in continuous corn silage in North Central US, Soil Biol. Biochem., 148, 107899, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107899, 2020.
White, K. E., Brennan, E. B., Cavigelli, M. A., and Smith, R. F.: Winter cover crops increase readily decomposable soil carbon, but compost drives total soil carbon during eight years of intensive, organic vegetable production in California, edited by: Snapp, S. S., PLoS One, 15, e0228677, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228677, 2020.
Whitmore, A. P., Kirk, G. J. D., and Rawlins, B. G.: Technologies for increasing carbon storage in soil to mitigate climate change, Soil Use Manage, 31, 62–71, https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12115, 2015.
Wickham, H., Averick, M., Bryan, J., Chang, W., McGowan, L., François, R., Grolemund, G., Hayes, A., Henry, L., Hester, J., Kuhn, M., Pedersen, T., Miller, E., Bache, S., Müller, K., Ooms, J., Robinson, D., Seidel, D., Spinu, V., Takahashi, K., Vaughan, D., Wilke, C., Woo, K., and Yutani, H.: Welcome to the Tidyverse, Journal of Open Source Software, 4, 1686, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686, 2019.
Williams, E. K., Fogel, M. L., Berhe, A. A., and Plante, A. F.: Distinct bioenergetic signatures in particulate versus mineral-associated soil organic matter, Geoderma, 330, 107–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.05.024, 2018.
Wolf, K. M., Torbert, E. E., Bryant, D., Burger, M., Denison, R. F., Herrera, I., Hopmans, J., Horwath, W., Kaffka, S., Kong, A. Y. Y., Norris, R. F., Six, J., Tomich, T. P., and Scow, K. M.: The century experiment: the first twenty years of UC Davis' Mediterranean agroecological experiment, Ecology, 99, 503, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2105, 2018.
Wright, A. L., Provin, T. L., Hons, F. M., Zuberer, D. A., and White, R. H.: Compost impacts on dissolved organic carbon and available nitrogen and phosphorus in turfgrass soil, Waste Manage., 28, 1057–1063, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.04.003, 2008.
Wuest, S.: Seasonal Variation in Soil Organic Carbon, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 78, 1442–1447, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.10.0447, 2014.
Xiang, S. R., Doyle, A., Holden, P. A., and Schimel, J. P.: Drying and rewetting effects on C and N mineralization and microbial activity in surface and subsurface California grassland soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 40, 2281–2289, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.05.004, 2008.
Yost, J. L. and Hartemink, A. E.: How deep is the soil studied – an analysis of four soil science journals, Plant Soil, 452, 5–18, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04550-z, 2020.
Zeynoddin, M., Bonakdari, H., Ebtehaj, I., Esmaeilbeiki, F., Gharabaghi, B., and Zare Haghi, D.: A reliable linear stochastic daily soil temperature forecast model, Soil Till. Res., 189, 73–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.STILL.2018.12.023, 2019.
Zhang, Y., Zheng, N., Wang, J., Yao, H., Qiu, Q., and Chapman, S. J.: High turnover rate of free phospholipids in soil confirms the classic hypothesis of PLFA methodology, Soil Biol. Biochem., 135, 323–330, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.05.023, 2019.
Zhou, X., Chen, C., Wu, H., and Xu, Z.: Dynamics of soil extractable carbon and nitrogen under different cover crop residues, J. Soil. Sediment., 12, 844–853, https://doi.org/10.1007/S11368-012-0515-Z, 2012.
Zmora-Nahum, S., Markovitch, O., Tarchitzky, J., and Chen, Y.: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as a parameter of compost maturity, Soil Biol. Biochem., 37, 2109–2116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.03.013, 2005.
Short summary
Storing C in subsoils can help mitigate climate change, but this requires a better understanding of subsoil C dynamics. We investigated changes in subsoil C storage under a combination of compost, cover crops (WCC), and mineral fertilizer and found that systems with compost + WCC had ~19 Mg/ha more C after 25 years. This increase was attributed to increased transport of soluble C and nutrients via WCC root pores and demonstrates the potential for subsoil C storage in tilled agricultural systems.
Storing C in subsoils can help mitigate climate change, but this requires a better understanding...