Articles | Volume 8, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-59-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-59-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Original research article
| 
20 Jan 2022
Original research article |
| 20 Jan 2022
| 20 Jan 2022
Synergy between compost and cover crops in a Mediterranean row crop system leads to increased subsoil carbon storage
Daniel Rath
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
Nathaniel Bogie
Department of Geology, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
Leonardo Deiss
School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
Sanjai J. Parikh
Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
Daoyuan Wang
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
Samantha Ying
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
Nicole Tautges
Michael Fields Agricultural Institute, East Troy, WI 53120, USA
Asmeret Asefaw Berhe
Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95342, USA
Teamrat A. Ghezzehei
Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95342, USA
Kate M. Scow
Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Leila Maria Wahab, Sora Kim, and Asmeret Asefaw Berhe
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3607, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3607, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Soils are a large reservoir of carbon on land and there is uncertainty regarding how it will be affected by climate change. There is still active research about how changing precipitation patterns, a key aspect of climate change, will affect soil carbon and furthermore how vulnerable subsoils are to climate change. In this study, we studied subsoils after 20 years of experimentally manipulated precipitation shifts to see whether increasing precipitation would affect carbon amounts and chemistry.
Kailiang Yu, Johan van den Hoogen, Zhiqiang Wang, Colin Averill, Devin Routh, Gabriel Reuben Smith, Rebecca E. Drenovsky, Kate M. Scow, Fei Mo, Mark P. Waldrop, Yuanhe Yang, Weize Tang, Franciska T. De Vries, Richard D. Bardgett, Peter Manning, Felipe Bastida, Sara G. Baer, Elizabeth M. Bach, Carlos García, Qingkui Wang, Linna Ma, Baodong Chen, Xianjing He, Sven Teurlincx, Amber Heijboer, James A. Bradley, and Thomas W. Crowther
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4339–4350, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4339-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4339-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We used a global-scale dataset for the surface topsoil (>3000 distinct observations of abundance of soil fungi versus bacteria) to generate the first quantitative map of soil fungal proportion across terrestrial ecosystems. We reveal striking latitudinal trends. Fungi dominated in regions with low mean annual temperature (MAT) and net primary productivity (NPP) and bacteria dominated in regions with high MAT and NPP.
Toshiyuki Bandai and Teamrat A. Ghezzehei
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4469–4495, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4469-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Scientists use a physics-based equation to simulate water dynamics that influence hydrological and ecological phenomena. We present hybrid physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to leverage the growing availability of soil moisture data and advances in machine learning. We showed that PINNs perform comparably to traditional methods and enable the estimation of rainfall rates from soil moisture. However, PINNs are challenging to train and significantly slower than traditional methods.
Moritz Mainka, Laura Summerauer, Daniel Wasner, Gina Garland, Marco Griepentrog, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, and Sebastian Doetterl
Biogeosciences, 19, 1675–1689, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1675-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1675-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The largest share of terrestrial carbon is stored in soils, making them highly relevant as regards global change. Yet, the mechanisms governing soil carbon stabilization are not well understood. The present study contributes to a better understanding of these processes. We show that qualitative changes in soil organic matter (SOM) co-vary with alterations of the soil matrix following soil weathering. Hence, the type of SOM that is stabilized in soils might change as soils develop.
Samuel N. Araya, Jeffrey P. Mitchell, Jan W. Hopmans, and Teamrat A. Ghezzehei
SOIL, 8, 177–198, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-177-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-177-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the long-term effects of no-till (NT) and winter cover cropping (CC) practices on soil hydraulic properties. We measured soil water retention and conductivity and also conducted numerical simulations to compare soil water storage abilities under the different systems. Soils under NT and CC practices had improved soil structure. Conservation agriculture practices showed marginal improvement with respect to infiltration rates and water storage.
Jing Yan and Teamrat Ghezzehei
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-52, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-52, 2022
Publication in BG not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
Although hydraulic redistribution (HR) is a well-documented phenomenon, whether it is a passive happy accident or actively controlled by roots is not well understood. Our modeling study suggests HR is long-range feedback between roots that inhabit heterogeneously resourced soil regions. When nutrients and organic matter are concentrated in shallow layers that experience frequent drying, root-exudation facilitated HR allows plants to mineralize and extract the otherwise inaccessible nutrients.
Danielle L. Gelardi, Irfan H. Ainuddin, Devin A. Rippner, Janis E. Patiño, Majdi Abou Najm, and Sanjai J. Parikh
SOIL, 7, 811–825, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-811-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-811-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biochar is purported to alter soil water dynamics and reduce nutrient loss when added to soils, though the mechanisms are often unexplored. We studied the ability of seven biochars to alter the soil chemical and physical environment. The flow of ammonium through biochar-amended soil was determined to be controlled through chemical affinity, and nitrate, to a lesser extent, through physical entrapment. These data will assist land managers in choosing biochars for specific agricultural outcomes.
Sophie F. von Fromm, Alison M. Hoyt, Markus Lange, Gifty E. Acquah, Ermias Aynekulu, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Stephan M. Haefele, Steve P. McGrath, Keith D. Shepherd, Andrew M. Sila, Johan Six, Erick K. Towett, Susan E. Trumbore, Tor-G. Vågen, Elvis Weullow, Leigh A. Winowiecki, and Sebastian Doetterl
SOIL, 7, 305–332, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated various soil and climate properties that influence soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations in sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings indicate that climate and geochemistry are equally important for explaining SOC variations. The key SOC-controlling factors are broadly similar to those for temperate regions, despite differences in soil development history between the two regions.
Samuel N. Araya, Anna Fryjoff-Hung, Andreas Anderson, Joshua H. Viers, and Teamrat A. Ghezzehei
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2739–2758, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2739-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2739-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We took aerial photos of a grassland area using an unoccupied aerial vehicle and used the images to estimate soil moisture via machine learning. We were able to estimate soil moisture with high accuracy. Furthermore, by analyzing the machine learning models we developed, we learned how different factors drive the distribution of moisture across the landscape. Among the factors, rainfall, evapotranspiration, and topography were most important in controlling surface soil moisture distribution.
Severin-Luca Bellè, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Frank Hagedorn, Cristina Santin, Marcus Schiedung, Ilja van Meerveld, and Samuel Abiven
Biogeosciences, 18, 1105–1126, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1105-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1105-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Controls of pyrogenic carbon (PyC) redistribution under rainfall are largely unknown. However, PyC mobility can be substantial after initial rain in post-fire landscapes. We conducted a controlled simulation experiment on plots where PyC was applied on the soil surface. We identified redistribution of PyC by runoff and splash and vertical movement in the soil depending on soil texture and PyC characteristics (material and size). PyC also induced changes in exports of native soil organic carbon.
Jing Yan, Nathaniel A. Bogie, and Teamrat A. Ghezzehei
Biogeosciences, 17, 6377–6392, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6377-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6377-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An uneven supply of water and nutrients in soils often drives how plants behave. We observed that plants extract all their required nutrients from dry soil patches in sufficient quantity, provided adequate water is available elsewhere in the root zone. Roots in nutrient-rich dry patches facilitate the nutrient acquisition by extensive growth, water release, and modifying water retention in their immediate environment. The findings are valuable in managing nutrient losses in agricultural systems.
Erika Marín-Spiotta, Rebecca T. Barnes, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Meredith G. Hastings, Allison Mattheis, Blair Schneider, and Billy M. Williams
Adv. Geosci., 53, 117–127, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-53-117-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-53-117-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The geosciences are one of the least diverse disciplines in the United States, despite the field's relevance to people's livelihoods and economies. Bias, discrimination and harassment present serious hurdles to diversifying the field. We summarize research on the factors that contribute to the persistence of hostile climates in the geosciences and other scientific disciplines and provide recommendations for cultural change through the role of mentoring networks and professional associations.
Corey R. Lawrence, Jeffrey Beem-Miller, Alison M. Hoyt, Grey Monroe, Carlos A. Sierra, Shane Stoner, Katherine Heckman, Joseph C. Blankinship, Susan E. Crow, Gavin McNicol, Susan Trumbore, Paul A. Levine, Olga Vindušková, Katherine Todd-Brown, Craig Rasmussen, Caitlin E. Hicks Pries, Christina Schädel, Karis McFarlane, Sebastian Doetterl, Christine Hatté, Yujie He, Claire Treat, Jennifer W. Harden, Margaret S. Torn, Cristian Estop-Aragonés, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Marco Keiluweit, Ágatha Della Rosa Kuhnen, Erika Marin-Spiotta, Alain F. Plante, Aaron Thompson, Zheng Shi, Joshua P. Schimel, Lydia J. S. Vaughn, Sophie F. von Fromm, and Rota Wagai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 61–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-61-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-61-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The International Soil Radiocarbon Database (ISRaD) is an an open-source archive of soil data focused on datasets including radiocarbon measurements. ISRaD includes data from bulk or
whole soils, distinct soil carbon pools isolated in the laboratory by a variety of soil fractionation methods, samples of soil gas or water collected interstitially from within an intact soil profile, CO2 gas isolated from laboratory soil incubations, and fluxes collected in situ from a soil surface.
Teamrat A. Ghezzehei, Benjamin Sulman, Chelsea L. Arnold, Nathaniel A. Bogie, and Asmeret Asefaw Berhe
Biogeosciences, 16, 1187–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1187-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1187-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Soil water is a medium from which microbes acquire resources and within which they are able to move. Occupancy and availability of water and oxygen gas in soils are mutually exclusive. In addition, as soil dries the remaining water is held with an increasing degree of adhesive energy, which restricts microbes' ability to extract resources from water. We introduce a mathematical model that describes these interacting effects and organic matter decomposition.
Mehdi Rahmati, Lutz Weihermüller, Jan Vanderborght, Yakov A. Pachepsky, Lili Mao, Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi, Niloofar Moosavi, Hossein Kheirfam, Carsten Montzka, Kris Van Looy, Brigitta Toth, Zeinab Hazbavi, Wafa Al Yamani, Ammar A. Albalasmeh, Ma'in Z. Alghzawi, Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo, Antônio Celso Dantas Antonino, George Arampatzis, Robson André Armindo, Hossein Asadi, Yazidhi Bamutaze, Jordi Batlle-Aguilar, Béatrice Béchet, Fabian Becker, Günter Blöschl, Klaus Bohne, Isabelle Braud, Clara Castellano, Artemi Cerdà, Maha Chalhoub, Rogerio Cichota, Milena Císlerová, Brent Clothier, Yves Coquet, Wim Cornelis, Corrado Corradini, Artur Paiva Coutinho, Muriel Bastista de Oliveira, José Ronaldo de Macedo, Matheus Fonseca Durães, Hojat Emami, Iraj Eskandari, Asghar Farajnia, Alessia Flammini, Nándor Fodor, Mamoun Gharaibeh, Mohamad Hossein Ghavimipanah, Teamrat A. Ghezzehei, Simone Giertz, Evangelos G. Hatzigiannakis, Rainer Horn, Juan José Jiménez, Diederik Jacques, Saskia Deborah Keesstra, Hamid Kelishadi, Mahboobeh Kiani-Harchegani, Mehdi Kouselou, Madan Kumar Jha, Laurent Lassabatere, Xiaoyan Li, Mark A. Liebig, Lubomír Lichner, María Victoria López, Deepesh Machiwal, Dirk Mallants, Micael Stolben Mallmann, Jean Dalmo de Oliveira Marques, Miles R. Marshall, Jan Mertens, Félicien Meunier, Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi, Binayak P. Mohanty, Mansonia Pulido-Moncada, Suzana Montenegro, Renato Morbidelli, David Moret-Fernández, Ali Akbar Moosavi, Mohammad Reza Mosaddeghi, Seyed Bahman Mousavi, Hasan Mozaffari, Kamal Nabiollahi, Mohammad Reza Neyshabouri, Marta Vasconcelos Ottoni, Theophilo Benedicto Ottoni Filho, Mohammad Reza Pahlavan-Rad, Andreas Panagopoulos, Stephan Peth, Pierre-Emmanuel Peyneau, Tommaso Picciafuoco, Jean Poesen, Manuel Pulido, Dalvan José Reinert, Sabine Reinsch, Meisam Rezaei, Francis Parry Roberts, David Robinson, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, Otto Corrêa Rotunno Filho, Tadaomi Saito, Hideki Suganuma, Carla Saltalippi, Renáta Sándor, Brigitta Schütt, Manuel Seeger, Nasrollah Sepehrnia, Ehsan Sharifi Moghaddam, Manoj Shukla, Shiraki Shutaro, Ricardo Sorando, Ajayi Asishana Stanley, Peter Strauss, Zhongbo Su, Ruhollah Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi, Encarnación Taguas, Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira, Ali Reza Vaezi, Mehdi Vafakhah, Tomas Vogel, Iris Vogeler, Jana Votrubova, Steffen Werner, Thierry Winarski, Deniz Yilmaz, Michael H. Young, Steffen Zacharias, Yijian Zeng, Ying Zhao, Hong Zhao, and Harry Vereecken
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1237–1263, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1237-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1237-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents and analyzes a global database of soil infiltration data, the SWIG database, for the first time. In total, 5023 infiltration curves were collected across all continents in the SWIG database. These data were either provided and quality checked by the scientists or they were digitized from published articles. We are convinced that the SWIG database will allow for a better parameterization of the infiltration process in land surface models and for testing infiltration models.
Roland Baatz, Pamela L. Sullivan, Li Li, Samantha R. Weintraub, Henry W. Loescher, Michael Mirtl, Peter M. Groffman, Diana H. Wall, Michael Young, Tim White, Hang Wen, Steffen Zacharias, Ingolf Kühn, Jianwu Tang, Jérôme Gaillardet, Isabelle Braud, Alejandro N. Flores, Praveen Kumar, Henry Lin, Teamrat Ghezzehei, Julia Jones, Henry L. Gholz, Harry Vereecken, and Kris Van Looy
Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 593–609, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-593-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-593-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Focusing on the usage of integrated models and in situ Earth observatory networks, three challenges are identified to advance understanding of ESD, in particular to strengthen links between biotic and abiotic, and above- and below-ground processes. We propose developing a model platform for interdisciplinary usage, to formalize current network infrastructure based on complementarities and operational synergies, and to extend the reanalysis concept to the ecosystem and critical zone.
Weiwei Cong, Jun Meng, and Samantha C. Ying
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-281, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-281, 2017
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examines the role of soil properties, biochar properties, and management factors in methane emission/uptake of biochar amended paddy and upland soils through the use of quantitative meta-analysis. Our findings show that variations in soil characteristics including SOC, C/N, and pH significantly influences the methane flux from biochar treated soils, while biochar characteristics and management practices have less to no effect as determined by the magnitude of the Hedge's d metric.
Samuel N. Araya, Marilyn L. Fogel, and Asmeret Asefaw Berhe
SOIL, 3, 31–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-31-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-31-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This research investigates how fires of different intensities affect soil organic matter properties. This study identifies critical temperature thresholds of significant soil organic matter changes. Findings from this study will contribute towards estimating the amount and rate of changes in soil carbon, nitrogen, and other essential soil properties that can be expected from fires of different intensities under anticipated climate change scenarios.
Samuel N. Araya, Mercer Meding, and Asmeret Asefaw Berhe
SOIL, 2, 351–366, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-351-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-351-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Using laboratory heating, we studied effects of fire intensity on important topsoil characteristics. This study identifies critical temperature thresholds for significant physical and chemical changes in soils that developed under different climate regimes. Findings from this study will contribute towards estimating the amount and rate of change in essential soil properties that can be expected from topsoil exposure to different intensity fires under anticipated climate change scenarios.
E. M. Stacy, S. C. Hart, C. T. Hunsaker, D. W. Johnson, and A. A. Berhe
Biogeosciences, 12, 4861–4874, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4861-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4861-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In the southern parts of the Sierra Nevada in California, we investigated erosion of carbon and nitrogen from low-order catchments. We found that eroded sediments were OM rich, with a potential for significant gaseous and dissolved loss of OM during transport or after depositional in downslope or downstream depositional landform positions.
T. A. Ghezzehei, D. V. Sarkhot, and A. A. Berhe
Solid Earth, 5, 953–962, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-953-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-953-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Soils and biogeochemical cycling
Gradual drying of permafrost peat decreases carbon dioxide production in drier peat plateaus but not in wetter fens and bogs
Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus amendments on CO2 and CH4 production in peat soils of Scotty Creek, Northwest Territories: potential considerations for wildfire and permafrost thaw impacts on peatland carbon exchanges
Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of soil respiration in a bare-soil Mediterranean olive grove
Depth dependence of soil organic carbon additional storage capacity in different soil types by the 2050 target for carbon neutrality
Biochar reduces early-stage mineralization rates of plant residues more in coarse-textured soils than in fine-textured soils – an artificial-soil approach
Soil organic carbon mineralization is controlled by the application dose of exogenous organic matter
Effect of colloidal particle size on physicochemical properties and aggregation behaviors of two alkaline soils
Comprehensive increase in CO2 release by drying–rewetting cycles among Japanese forests and pastureland soils and exploring predictors of increasing magnitude
Mixed Signals: interpreting mixing patterns of different soil bioturbation processes through luminescence and numerical modelling
Interactions of fertilisation and crop productivity in soil nitrogen cycle microbiome and gas emissions
Freeze–thaw processes correspond to the protection–loss of soil organic carbon through regulating pore structure of aggregates in alpine ecosystems
Calcium is associated with specific soil organic carbon decomposition products
Soil organic matter interactions along the elevation gradient of the James Ross Island (Antarctica)
Investigating the complementarity of thermal and physical soil organic carbon fractions
Methane oxidation potential of soils in a rubber plantation in Thailand affected by fertilization
Cultivation reduces quantities of mineral-organic associations in the form of amorphous coprecipitates
An ensemble estimate of Australian soil organic carbon using machine learning and process-based modelling
What is the stability of additional organic carbon stored thanks to alternative cropping systems and organic waste product application? A multi-method evaluation
Improving measurements of microbial growth, death, and turnover by accounting for extracellular DNA in soils
Isotopic exchangeability reveals that soil phosphate is mobilised by carboxylate anions whereas acidification had the reverse effect
The influence of land use and management on the behaviour and persistence of soil organic carbon in a subtropical Ferralsol
Dissolved carbon flow to particulate organic carbon enhances soil carbon sequestration
Shifts in controls and abundance of particulate and mineral-associated organic matter fractions among subfield yield stability zones
The six rights of how and when to test for soil C saturation
Cover crops improve soil structure and change organic carbon distribution in macroaggregate fractions
Soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus storage in juniper–oak savanna: role of vegetation and geology
Organic matters, but inorganic matters too: column examination of elevated mercury sorption on low organic matter aquifer material using concentrations and stable isotope ratios
Contrasting potential for biological N2 fixation at three polluted central European Sphagnum peat bogs: combining the 15N2-tracer and natural-abundance isotope approaches
Soil organic carbon stocks did not change after 130 years of afforestation on a former Swiss Alpine pasture
Land inclination controls CO2 and N2O fluxes, but not CH4 uptake, in a temperate upland forest soil
Tropical Andosol organic carbon quality and degradability in relation to soil geochemistry as affected by land use
Elemental stoichiometry and Rock-Eval® thermal stability of organic matter in French topsoils
Oil-palm management alters the spatial distribution of amorphous silica and mobile silicon in topsoils
Semantics about soil organic carbon storage: DATA4C+, a comprehensive thesaurus and classification of management practices in agriculture and forestry
Forest liming in the face of climate change: the implications of restorative liming for soil organic carbon in mature German forests
Biotic factors dominantly determine soil inorganic carbon stock across Tibetan alpine grasslands
Effects of returning corn straw and fermented corn straw to fields on the soil organic carbon pools and humus composition
Soil nutrient contents and stoichiometry within aggregate size classes varied with tea plantation age and soil depth in southern Guangxi in China
Land use impact on carbon mineralization in well aerated soils is mainly explained by variations of particulate organic matter rather than of soil structure
Inclusion of biochar in a C dynamics model based on observations from an 8-year field experiment
Phosphorus dynamics during early soil development in a cold desert: insights from oxygen isotopes in phosphate
Transformation of n-alkanes from plant to soil: a review
Heterotrophic soil respiration and carbon cycling in geochemically distinct African tropical forest soils
Soil organic carbon mobility in equatorial podzols: soil column experiments
Microbial activity responses to water stress in agricultural soils from simple and complex crop rotations
The role of geochemistry in organic carbon stabilization against microbial decomposition in tropical rainforest soils
Geogenic organic carbon in terrestrial sediments and its contribution to total soil carbon
Aluminous clay and pedogenic Fe oxides modulate aggregation and related carbon contents in soils of the humid tropics
Continental-scale controls on soil organic carbon across sub-Saharan Africa
Modelling of long-term Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb dynamics from soils fertilised with organic amendments
Aelis Spiller, Cynthia M. Kallenbach, Melanie S. Burnett, David Olefeldt, Christopher Schulze, Roxane Maranger, and Peter M. J. Douglas
SOIL, 11, 371–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-371-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-371-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost peatlands are large reservoirs of carbon. As frozen permafrost thaws, drier peat moisture conditions can arise, affecting the microbial production of climate-warming greenhouse gases like CO2 and N2O. Our study suggests that future peat CO2 and N2O production depends on whether drier peat plateaus thaw into wetter fens or bogs and on their diverging responses of peat respiration to more moisture-limited conditions.
Eunji Byun, Fereidoun Rezanezhad, Stephanie Slowinski, Christina Lam, Saraswati Bhusal, Stephanie Wright, William L. Quinton, Kara L. Webster, and Philippe Van Cappellen
SOIL, 11, 309–321, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-309-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-309-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate how added nutrient nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) affect subarctic peatlands, we sampled peat soils from bog and fen type peatlands in the Northwest Territories, Canada, and measured CO2 and CH4 production rates by means of laboratory incubations. Our short-term experiments show that changes in nutrient concentrations in soil water can significantly affect microbial carbon cycling, suggesting the necessity of additional considerations of wildfire and permafrost thaw impacts on peatland carbon storage.
Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Penélope Serrano-Ortiz, Andrew S. Kowalski, and Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete
SOIL, 11, 213–232, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-213-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-213-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated soil respiration and the main factors involved in a semi-arid environment (olive grove). For this purpose, 1 year's worth of automatic multi-chamber measurements was used, accompanied by ecosystem respiration data obtained using the eddy covariance technique. The soil respiration annual balance, Q10 parameter, rain pulses, and spatial and temporal variability of soil respiration are presented in this paper.
Clémentine Chirol, Geoffroy Séré, Paul-Olivier Redon, Claire Chenu, and Delphine Derrien
SOIL, 11, 149–174, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-149-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-149-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work maps both current soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and the SOC that can be realistically added to soils over 25 years under a scenario of management strategies promoting plant productivity. We consider how soil type influences current and maximum SOC stocks regionally. Over 25 years, land use and management have the strongest influence on SOC accrual, but certain soil types have disproportionate SOC stocks at depths that need to be preserved.
Thiago M. Inagaki, Simon Weldon, Franziska B. Bucka, Eva Farkas, and Daniel P. Rasse
SOIL, 11, 141–147, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-141-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-141-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we investigated how biochar, a potential C sequestration tool, affects early carbon storage in different soils. We created artificial soils to isolate the impact of soil texture. We found that biochar significantly reduces plant residue’s breakdown in all soil textures but mainly in sandy soils, which naturally hold less carbon. This suggests that biochar could be a valuable tool for improving soil health, especially in sandy soils.
Orly Mendoza, Stefaan De Neve, Heleen Deroo, Haichao Li, Astrid Françoys, and Steven Sleutel
SOIL, 11, 105–119, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-105-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-105-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Farmers frequently apply fresh organic matter such as crop residues to soil to boost its carbon content. Yet, one burning question remains: does the quantity of applied organic matter affect its decomposition and that of native soil organic matter? Our experiment suggests that smaller application doses might deplete soil organic matter more rapidly, at least in coarser-textured soil. In contrast, applying intermediate or high doses might be a promising strategy for maintaining it.
Yuyang Yan, Xinran Zhang, Chenyang Xu, Junjun Liu, Feinan Hu, and Zengchao Geng
SOIL, 11, 85–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-85-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-85-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The differences in organic matter contents and clay mineralogy are the fundamental reasons for the differences in colloidal suspension stability behind the size effects of Anthrosol and Calcisol colloids. The present study revealed the size effects of two alkaline soil colloids on carbon content, clay minerals, surface properties and suspension stability, emphasizing that soil nanoparticles are prone to be more stably dispersed instead of being aggregated.
Yuri Suzuki, Syuntaro Hiradate, Jun Koarashi, Mariko Atarashi-Andoh, Takumi Yomogida, Yuki Kanda, and Hirohiko Nagano
SOIL, 11, 35–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-35-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-35-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We incubated 10 Japanese soils to study CO2 release under drying–rewetting cycles (DWCs). CO2 release was increased by DWCs among all soils, showing soil-by-soil variations in CO2 release increase magnitude. The organo-Al complex was the primary predictor for the increase magnitude, suggesting vulnerability of carbon protection by reactive minerals against DWCs. Microbial biomass decrease by DWCs was also suggested, although its link with the CO2 release increase is still unclear.
W. Marijn van der Meij, Svenja Riedesel, and Tony Reimann
SOIL, 11, 51–66, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-51-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-51-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Soil mixing (bioturbation) plays a key role in soil functions, but the underlying processes are poorly understood and difficult to quantify. In this study, we use luminescence, a light-sensitive soil mineral property, and numerical models to better understand different types of bioturbation. We provide a conceptual model that helps to determine which types of bioturbation processes occur in a soil and a numerical model that can derive quantitative process rates from luminescence measurements.
Laura Kuusemets, Ülo Mander, Jordi Escuer-Gatius, Alar Astover, Karin Kauer, Kaido Soosaar, and Mikk Espenberg
SOIL, 11, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-1-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated relationships between mineral nitrogen (N) fertilisation rates and additional manure amendment with different crop types through an analysis of soil environmental characteristics and microbiomes, soil N2O and N2 emissions as well as biomass production. The results show that wheat grew well at a fertilisation rate of 80 kg N ha−1, and newly introduced sorghum showed good potential for cultivation in temperate climates.
Ruizhe Wang and Xia Hu
SOIL, 10, 859–871, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-859-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-859-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study characterized pore structure and soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions of aggregates during the seasonal freeze–thaw process. Freezing was associated with SOC accumulation, while the early stage of thawing was characterized by SOC loss. In the freezing period, pore structure could enhance SOC accumulation by promoting formation of > 80 μm pores. In the thawing period, pores of < 15 μm might inhibit SOC loss. These results present new perspectives on soil microstructure–SOC interactions.
Mike C. Rowley, Jasquelin Pena, Matthew A. Marcus, Rachel Porras, Elaine Pegoraro, Cyrill Zosso, Nicholas O. E. Ofiti, Guido L. B. Wiesenberg, Michael W. I. Schmidt, Margaret S. Torn, and Peter S. Nico
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3343, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3343, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows calcium helps to preserve soil organic carbon in acidic soils, challenging previous beliefs that their interactions were largely limited to alkaline soils. Using spectromicroscopy, we found calcium is co-located with aromatic and phenolic-rich carbon and that this association was disrupted when the calcium was removed, and only reformed during decomposition with added calcium. This suggests that calcium amendments could enhance soil organic carbon stability.
Vítězslav Vlček, David Juřička, Martin Valtera, Helena Dvořáčková, Vojtěch Štulc, Michaela Bednaříková, Jana Šimečková, Peter Váczi, Miroslav Pohanka, Pavel Kapler, Miloš Barták, and Vojtěch Enev
SOIL, 10, 813–826, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-813-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-813-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this work was to evaluate the correlation between soil organic carbon (SOC) and various soil properties. Nine plots across an altitudinal range from 10 to 320 m were investigated in the deglaciated region of James Ross Island (Antarctica). Our results indicate that the primary factor influencing the SOC content is likely not altitude or coarse-fraction content; rather, other hard-to-quantify factors, such as the presence of liquid water during the summer period, impact SOC content.
Amicie A. Delahaie, Lauric Cécillon, Marija Stojanova, Samuel Abiven, Pierre Arbelet, Dominique Arrouays, François Baudin, Antonio Bispo, Line Boulonne, Claire Chenu, Jussi Heinonsalo, Claudy Jolivet, Kristiina Karhu, Manuel Martin, Lorenza Pacini, Christopher Poeplau, Céline Ratié, Pierre Roudier, Nicolas P. A. Saby, Florence Savignac, and Pierre Barré
SOIL, 10, 795–812, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-795-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-795-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper compares the soil organic carbon fractions obtained from a new thermal fractionation scheme and a well-known physical fractionation scheme on an unprecedented dataset of French topsoil samples. For each fraction, we use a machine learning model to determine its environmental drivers (pedology, climate, and land cover). Our results suggest that these two fractionation schemes provide different fractions, which means they provide complementary information.
Jun Murase, Kannika Sajjaphan, Chatprawee Dechjiraratthanasiri, Ornuma Duangngam, Rawiwan Chotiphan, Wutthida Rattanapichai, Wakana Azuma, Makoto Shibata, Poonpipope Kasemsap, and Daniel Epron
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2937, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical forest soils are vital for methane uptake, but deforestation and agriculture can alter soil methane oxidation. An experiment in Thailand shows that fertilization significantly suppresses methane oxidation in rubber plantation soils, affecting depths up to 60 cm. Without fertilization, deeper soil layers (below 10 cm) actively oxidize methane. These findings suggest that fertilization negatively impacts the methane uptake capacity of deep-layer soils in rubber plantations.
Floriane Jamoteau, Emmanuel Doelsch, Nithavong Cam, Clément Levard, Thierry Woignier, Adrien Boulineau, François Saint-Antonin, Sufal Swaraj, Ghislain Gassier, Adrien Duvivier, Daniel Borschneck, Marie-Laure Pons, Perrine Chaurand, Vladimir Vidal, Nicolas Brouilly, and Isabelle Basile-Doelsch
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2933, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2933, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that cultivating natural soils disrupts crucial mineral-organic associations, leading to carbon loss and reduced soil fertility. By analyzing soil samples from a forest and crop andosols, we found that these associations exist as amorphous coprecipitates (nanoCLICs). Cultivation reduces quantities of nanoCLICs by 50 %, highlighting their vulnerability to environmental changes and the need to develop strategies to preserve them to maintain soil fertility.
Lingfei Wang, Gab Abramowitz, Ying-Ping Wang, Andy Pitman, and Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel
SOIL, 10, 619–636, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-619-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-619-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Effective management of soil organic carbon (SOC) requires accurate knowledge of its distribution and factors influencing its dynamics. We identify the importance of variables in spatial SOC variation and estimate SOC stocks in Australia using various models. We find there are significant disparities in SOC estimates when different models are used, highlighting the need for a critical re-evaluation of land management strategies that rely on the SOC distribution derived from a single approach.
Tchodjowiè P. I. Kpemoua, Pierre Barré, Sabine Houot, François Baudin, Cédric Plessis, and Claire Chenu
SOIL, 10, 533–549, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-533-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-533-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Several agroecological management options foster soil organic C stock accrual. What is behind the persistence of this "additional" C? We used three different methodological approaches and >20 years of field experiments under temperate conditions to find out. We found that the additional C is less stable at the pluri-decadal scale than the baseline C. This highlights the need to maintain agroecological practices to keep these carbon stocks at a high level over time.
Jörg Schnecker, Theresa Böckle, Julia Horak, Victoria Martin, Taru Sandén, and Heide Spiegel
SOIL, 10, 521–531, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-521-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-521-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Microbial processes are driving the formation and decomposition of soil organic matter. In contrast to respiration and growth, microbial death rates currently lack distinct methods to be determined. Here, we propose a new approach to measure microbial death rates. This new approach to determine microbial death rates as well as dynamics of intracellular and extracellular DNA separately will help to improve concepts and models of C dynamics in soils in the future.
Siobhan Staunton and Chiara Pistocchi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1791, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1791, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mineral phosphate is a finite resource and so ways must be found to optimize the use of native soil P. We have used isotopic dilution to assess how acidification and the addition of citrate or oxalate modify the lability of soil P in four contrasting soils from the Mediterranean region. Acidification did not mobilise soil P, whereas both carboxylate anions promoted soil P lability. This suggests that soil amendments and the choice of crops that exude carboxylates could optimize P nutrition.
Laura Hondroudakis, Peter M. Kopittke, Ram C. Dalal, Meghan Barnard, and Zhe H. Weng
SOIL, 10, 451–465, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-451-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-451-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Land use change to cropping is known to greatly reduced organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations, but much remains unknown about the mechanisms influencing their persistence in soil. In a soil from a subtropical Australian cropping system, we demonstrate that organic carbon is protected by mineral associations but not particulate forms. Importantly, we also show that reversion from cropping to pasture or plantation can partially restore this organic carbon.
Qintana Si, Kangli Chen, Bin Wei, Yaowen Zhang, Xun Sun, and Junyi Liang
SOIL, 10, 441–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-441-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-441-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our soil incubation experiment demonstrates that dissolved labile carbon substrate is a significant contributor to the soil particulate organic carbon pool. Dissolved carbon flow to particulate organic carbon is regulated by microbial biomass carbon and soil texture. The soil carbon model underestimates soil carbon sequestration when carbon flow from dissolved substrates to particulate organic carbon through microbial processes is not considered.
Sam J. Leuthold, Jocelyn M. Lavallee, Bruno Basso, William F. Brinton, and M. Francesca Cotrufo
SOIL, 10, 307–319, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-307-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-307-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We examined physical soil organic matter fractions to understand their relationship to temporal variability in crop yield at field scale. We found that interactions between crop productivity, topography, and climate led to variability in soil organic matter stocks among different yield stability zones. Our results imply that linkages between soil organic matter and yield stability may be scale-dependent and that particulate organic matter may be an indicator of unstable areas within croplands.
Johan Six, Sebastian Doetterl, Moritz Laub, Claude R. Müller, and Marijn Van de Broek
SOIL, 10, 275–279, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-275-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-275-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Soil C saturation has been tested in several recent studies and led to a debate about its existence. We argue that, to test C saturation, one should pay attention to six fundamental principles: the right measures, the right units, the right dispersive energy and application, the right soil type, the right clay type, and the right saturation level. Once we take care of those six rights across studies, we find support for a maximum of C stabilized by minerals and thus soil C saturation.
Norman Gentsch, Florin Laura Riechers, Jens Boy, Dörte Schweneker, Ulf Feuerstein, Diana Heuermann, and Georg Guggenberger
SOIL, 10, 139–150, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-139-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-139-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cover crops have substantial impacts on soil properties, but so far it is not clear how long a legacy effect of cover cropping will remain in the soil. We found that cover crops attenuate negative effects on soil structure that come from soil cultivation. The combination of plants with different litter qualities and rhizodeposits in biodiverse cover crop mixtures can improve the positive effects of cover cropping on soil structure amelioration.
Che-Jen Hsiao, Pedro A. M. Leite, Ayumi Hyodo, and Thomas W. Boutton
SOIL, 10, 93–108, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-93-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-93-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tree cover has increased in grasslands worldwide, with juniper and oak trees expanding in the southern Great Plains, USA. Here, we examine how these changes interact with geology to affect soil C, N, and P storage. Soil concentrations of these elements were significantly higher under trees than grasslands but increased more under trees growing on Edwards soils. Our results suggest that geology and vegetation change should be considered when predicting soil storage in dryland ecosystems globally.
David S. McLagan, Carina Esser, Lorenz Schwab, Jan G. Wiederhold, Jan-Helge Richard, and Harald Biester
SOIL, 10, 77–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-77-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-77-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sorption of mercury in soils, aquifer materials, and sediments is primarily linked to organic matter. Using column experiments, mercury concentration, speciation, and stable isotope analyses, we show that large quantities of mercury in soil water and groundwater can be sorbed to inorganic minerals; sorption to the solid phase favours lighter isotopes. Data provide important insights on the transport and fate of mercury in soil–groundwater systems and particularly in low-organic-matter systems.
Marketa Stepanova, Martin Novak, Bohuslava Cejkova, Ivana Jackova, Frantisek Buzek, Frantisek Veselovsky, Jan Curik, Eva Prechova, Arnost Komarek, and Leona Bohdalkova
SOIL, 9, 623–640, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-623-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-623-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Biological N2 fixation helps to sustain carbon accumulation in peatlands and to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. Changes in N2 fixation may affect the dynamics of global change. Increasing inputs of reactive N from air pollution should lead to downregulation of N2 fixation. Data from three N-polluted peat bogs show an interplay of N2-fixation rates with 10 potential drivers of this process. N2 fixation was measurable only at one site characterized by high phosphorus and low sulfate availability.
Tatjana C. Speckert, Jeannine Suremann, Konstantin Gavazov, Maria J. Santos, Frank Hagedorn, and Guido L. B. Wiesenberg
SOIL, 9, 609–621, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-609-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-609-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is key player in the global carbon cycle. Afforestation on pastures potentially alters organic matter input and SOC sequestration. We investigated the effects of a Picea abies L. afforestation sequence (0 to 130 years) on a former subalpine pasture on SOC stocks and dynamics. We found no difference in the SOC stock after 130 years of afforestation and thus no additional SOC sequestration. SOC composition was altered due to a modified SOC input following afforestation.
Lauren M. Gillespie, Nathalie Y. Triches, Diego Abalos, Peter Finke, Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Stephan Glatzel, and Eugenio Díaz-Pinés
SOIL, 9, 517–531, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-517-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-517-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Forest soil is potentially an important source or sink of greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, and CH4), but this is affected by soil conditions. We studied how land inclination and soil/litter properties influence the flux of these gases. CO2 and N2O were more affected by inclination than CH4; all were affected by soil/litter properties. This study underlines the importance of inclination and soil/litter properties in predicting greenhouse gas fluxes from forest soil and potential source–sink balance.
Sastrika Anindita, Peter Finke, and Steven Sleutel
SOIL, 9, 443–459, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-443-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-443-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated how land use, through its impact on soil geochemistry, might indirectly control soil organic carbon (SOC) content in tropical volcanic soils in Indonesia. We analyzed SOC fractions, substrate-specific mineralization, and net priming of SOC. Our results indicated that the enhanced formation of aluminum (hydr)oxides promoted aggregation and physical occlusion of OC, which is consistent with the lesser degradability of SOC in agricultural soils.
Amicie A. Delahaie, Pierre Barré, François Baudin, Dominique Arrouays, Antonio Bispo, Line Boulonne, Claire Chenu, Claudy Jolivet, Manuel P. Martin, Céline Ratié, Nicolas P. A. Saby, Florence Savignac, and Lauric Cécillon
SOIL, 9, 209–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-209-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-209-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized organic matter in French soils by analysing samples from the French RMQS network using Rock-Eval thermal analysis. We found that thermal analysis is appropriate to characterize large set of samples (ca. 2000) and provides interpretation references for Rock-Eval parameter values. This shows that organic matter in managed soils is on average more oxidized and more thermally stable and that some Rock-Eval parameters are good proxies for organic matter biogeochemical stability.
Britta Greenshields, Barbara von der Lühe, Harold J. Hughes, Christian Stiegler, Suria Tarigan, Aiyen Tjoa, and Daniela Sauer
SOIL, 9, 169–188, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-169-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-169-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Silicon (Si) research could provide complementary measures in sustainably cultivating oil-palm monocultures. Our study shows that current oil-palm management practices and topsoil erosion on oil-palm plantations in Indonesia have caused a spatial distribution of essential Si pools in soil. A lack of well-balanced Si levels in topsoil could negatively affect crop yield and soil fertility for future replanting at the same plantation site. Potential measures are suggested to maintain Si cycling.
Kenji Fujisaki, Tiphaine Chevallier, Antonio Bispo, Jean-Baptiste Laurent, François Thevenin, Lydie Chapuis-Lardy, Rémi Cardinael, Christine Le Bas, Vincent Freycon, Fabrice Bénédet, Vincent Blanfort, Michel Brossard, Marie Tella, and Julien Demenois
SOIL, 9, 89–100, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-89-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-89-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a first comprehensive thesaurus for management practices driving soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. So far, a comprehensive thesaurus of management practices in agriculture and forestry has been lacking. It will help to merge datasets, a promising way to evaluate the impacts of management practices in agriculture and forestry on SOC. Identifying the drivers of SOC stock changes is of utmost importance to contribute to global challenges (climate change, food security).
Oliver van Straaten, Larissa Kulp, Guntars O. Martinson, Dan Paul Zederer, and Ulrike Talkner
SOIL, 9, 39–54, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-39-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-39-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Across northern Europe, millions of hectares of forest have been limed to counteract soil acidification and restore forest ecosystems. In this study, we investigated how restorative liming affects the forest soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and correspondingly ecosystem greenhouse gas fluxes. We found that the magnitude and direction of SOC stock changes hinge on the inherent site characteristics, namely, forest type, soil texture, initial soil pH, and initial soil SOC stocks (before liming).
Junxiao Pan, Jinsong Wang, Dashuan Tian, Ruiyang Zhang, Yang Li, Lei Song, Jiaming Yang, Chunxue Wei, and Shuli Niu
SOIL, 8, 687–698, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-687-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-687-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We found that climatic, edaphic, plant and microbial variables jointly affect soil inorganic carbon (SIC) stock in Tibetan grasslands, and biotic factors have a larger contribution than abiotic factors to the variation in SIC stock. The effects of microbial and plant variables on SIC stock weakened with soil depth, while the effects of edaphic variables strengthened. The contrasting responses and drivers of SIC stock highlight differential mechanisms underlying SIC preservation with soil depth.
Yifeng Zhang, Sen Dou, Batande Sinovuyo Ndzelu, Rui Ma, Dandan Zhang, Xiaowei Zhang, Shufen Ye, and Hongrui Wang
SOIL, 8, 605–619, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-605-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-605-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
How to effectively convert corn straw into humic substances and return them to the soil in a relatively stable form is a concerning topic. Through a 360 d field experiment under equal carbon (C) mass, we found that return of the fermented corn straw treated with Trichoderma reesei to the field is more valuable and conducive to increasing easily oxidizable organic C, humus C content, and carbon pool management index than the direct application of corn straw.
Ling Mao, Shaoming Ye, and Shengqiang Wang
SOIL, 8, 487–505, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-487-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-487-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soil ecological stoichiometry offers a tool to explore the distribution, cycling, limitation, and balance of chemical elements. This study improved the understanding of soil organic carbon and nutrient dynamics in tea plantation ecosystems and also provided supplementary information for soil ecological stoichiometry in global terrestrial ecosystems.
Steffen Schlüter, Tim Roussety, Lena Rohe, Vusal Guliyev, Evgenia Blagodatskaya, and Thomas Reitz
SOIL, 8, 253–267, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-253-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-253-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We combined microstructure analysis via X-ray CT with carbon mineralization analysis via respirometry of intact soil cores from different land uses. We found that the amount of particulate organic matter (POM) exerted a dominant control on carbon mineralization in well-aerated topsoils, whereas soil moisture and macroporosity did not play role. This is because carbon mineralization mainly occurs in microbial hotspots around degrading POM, where it is decoupled from conditions of the bulk soil.
Roberta Pulcher, Enrico Balugani, Maurizio Ventura, Nicolas Greggio, and Diego Marazza
SOIL, 8, 199–211, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-199-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-199-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biochar, a solid product from the thermal conversion of biomass, can be used as a climate change mitigation strategy, since it can sequester carbon from the atmosphere and store it in the soil. The aim of this study is to assess the potential of biochar as a mitigation strategy in the long term, by modelling the results obtained from an 8-year field experiment. As far as we know, this is the first time that a model for biochar degradation has been validated with long-term field data.
Zuzana Frkova, Chiara Pistocchi, Yuliya Vystavna, Katerina Capkova, Jiri Dolezal, and Federica Tamburini
SOIL, 8, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Phosphorus (P) is essential for life. We studied microbial processes driving the P cycle in soils developed on the same rock but with different ages (0–100 years) in a cold desert. Compared to previous studies under cold climate, we found much slower weathering of P-containing minerals of soil development, likely due to aridity. However, microbes dominate short-term dynamics and progressively redistribute P from the rock into more available forms, making it available for plants at later stages.
Carrie L. Thomas, Boris Jansen, E. Emiel van Loon, and Guido L. B. Wiesenberg
SOIL, 7, 785–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-785-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-785-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Plant organs, such as leaves, contain a variety of chemicals that are eventually deposited into soil and can be useful for studying organic carbon cycling. We performed a systematic review of available data of one type of plant-derived chemical, n-alkanes, to determine patterns of degradation or preservation from the source plant to the soil. We found that while there was degradation in the amount of n-alkanes from plant to soil, some aspects of the chemical signature were preserved.
Benjamin Bukombe, Peter Fiener, Alison M. Hoyt, Laurent K. Kidinda, and Sebastian Doetterl
SOIL, 7, 639–659, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-639-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-639-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Through a laboratory incubation experiment, we investigated the spatial patterns of specific maximum heterotrophic respiration in tropical African mountain forest soils developed from contrasting parent material along slope gradients. We found distinct differences in soil respiration between soil depths and geochemical regions related to soil fertility and the chemistry of the soil solution. The topographic origin of our samples was not a major determinant of the observed rates of respiration.
Patricia Merdy, Yves Lucas, Bruno Coulomb, Adolpho J. Melfi, and Célia R. Montes
SOIL, 7, 585–594, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-585-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-585-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Transfer of organic C from topsoil to deeper horizons and the water table is little documented, especially in equatorial environments, despite high primary productivity in the evergreen forest. Using column experiments with podzol soil and a percolating solution sampled in an Amazonian podzol area, we show how the C-rich Bh horizon plays a role in natural organic matter transfer and Si, Fe and Al mobility after a kaolinitic layer transition, thus giving insight to the genesis of tropical podzol.
Jörg Schnecker, D. Boone Meeden, Francisco Calderon, Michel Cavigelli, R. Michael Lehman, Lisa K. Tiemann, and A. Stuart Grandy
SOIL, 7, 547–561, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-547-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-547-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Drought and flooding challenge agricultural systems and their management globally. Here we investigated the response of soils from long-term agricultural field sites with simple and diverse crop rotations to either drought or flooding. We found that irrespective of crop rotation complexity, soil and microbial properties were more resistant to flooding than to drought and highly resilient to drought and flooding during single or repeated stress pulses.
Mario Reichenbach, Peter Fiener, Gina Garland, Marco Griepentrog, Johan Six, and Sebastian Doetterl
SOIL, 7, 453–475, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-453-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-453-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In deeply weathered tropical rainforest soils of Africa, we found that patterns of soil organic carbon stocks differ between soils developed from geochemically contrasting parent material due to differences in the abundance of organo-mineral complexes, the presence/absence of chemical stabilization mechanisms of carbon with minerals and the presence of fossil organic carbon from sedimentary rocks. Physical stabilization mechanisms by aggregation provide additional protection of soil carbon.
Fabian Kalks, Gabriel Noren, Carsten W. Mueller, Mirjam Helfrich, Janet Rethemeyer, and Axel Don
SOIL, 7, 347–362, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-347-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-347-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sedimentary rocks contain organic carbon that may end up as soil carbon. However, this source of soil carbon is overlooked and has not been quantified sufficiently. We analysed 10 m long sediment cores with three different sedimentary rocks. All sediments contain considerable amounts of geogenic carbon contributing 3 %–12 % to the total soil carbon below 30 cm depth. The low 14C content of geogenic carbon can result in underestimations of soil carbon turnover derived from 14C data.
Maximilian Kirsten, Robert Mikutta, Didas N. Kimaro, Karl-Heinz Feger, and Karsten Kalbitz
SOIL, 7, 363–375, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-363-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-363-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mineralogical combinations of aluminous clay and pedogenic Fe oxides revealed significant effects on soil structure and related organic carbon (OC) storage.
The mineralogical combination resulting in the largest aggregate stability does not better preserve OC during conversion of forests into croplands.
Structural changes in the direction of smaller mean weight diameters do not cancel out the stabilizing effect of soil minerals.
Sophie F. von Fromm, Alison M. Hoyt, Markus Lange, Gifty E. Acquah, Ermias Aynekulu, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Stephan M. Haefele, Steve P. McGrath, Keith D. Shepherd, Andrew M. Sila, Johan Six, Erick K. Towett, Susan E. Trumbore, Tor-G. Vågen, Elvis Weullow, Leigh A. Winowiecki, and Sebastian Doetterl
SOIL, 7, 305–332, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated various soil and climate properties that influence soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations in sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings indicate that climate and geochemistry are equally important for explaining SOC variations. The key SOC-controlling factors are broadly similar to those for temperate regions, despite differences in soil development history between the two regions.
Claudia Cagnarini, Stephen Lofts, Luigi Paolo D'Acqui, Jochen Mayer, Roman Grüter, Susan Tandy, Rainer Schulin, Benjamin Costerousse, Simone Orlandini, and Giancarlo Renella
SOIL, 7, 107–123, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-107-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-107-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Application of organic amendments, although considered a sustainable form of soil fertilisation, may cause an accumulation of trace elements (TEs) in the topsoil. In this research, we analysed the concentration of zinc, copper, lead and cadmium in a > 60-year experiment in Switzerland and showed that the dynamic model IDMM adequately predicted the historical TE concentrations in plots amended with farmyard manure, sewage sludge and compost and produced reasonable concentration trends up to 2100.
Cited articles
Angst, G., Messinger, J., Greiner, M., Häusler, W., Hertel, D., Kirfel, K., Kögel-Knabner, I., Leuschner, C., Rethemeyer, J., and Mueller, C. W.: Soil organic carbon stocks in topsoil and subsoil controlled by parent material, carbon input in the rhizosphere, and microbial-derived compounds, Soil Biol. Biochem., 122, 19–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.03.026, 2018.
Aquino, A. J. A., Tunega, D., Schaumann, G. E., Haberhauer, G., Gerzabek, M. H., and Lischka, H.: The functionality of cation bridges for binding polar groups in soil aggregates, Int. J. Quantum Chem., 111, 1531–1542, https://doi.org/10.1002/qua.22693, 2011.
Baes, A. U. and Bloom, P. R.: Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (DRIFT) of humic and fulvic acids, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 53, 695–700, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1989.03615995005300030008x, 1989.
Banfield, C. C., Dippold, M. A., Pausch, J., Hoang, D. T. T., and Kuzyakov, Y.: Biopore history determines the microbial community composition in subsoil hotspots, Biol. Fert. Soils, 53, 573–588, https://doi.org/10.1007/S00374-017-1201-5, 2017.
Bernal, B., McKinley, D. C., Hungate, B. A., White, P. M., Mozdzer, T. J., and Megonigal, J. P.: Limits to soil carbon stability; Deep, ancient soil carbon decomposition stimulated by new labile organic inputs, Soil Biol. Biochem., 98, 85–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2016.04.007, 2016.
Blake, G. R. and Hartge, K. H.: Bulk Density, in: Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1 – Physical and Mineralogical Methods, edited by: Klute, A., SSSA Book Ser. 5.1. SSSA, ASA, Madison, WI, 363–375, Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c13, 1986.
Bleam, W. F.: Soil Science Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Adv. Agron., 46, 91–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60579-9, 1991.
Bonkowski, M.: Protozoa and plant growth: the microbial loop in soil revisited, New Phytol., 162, 617–631, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01066.x, 2004.
Bossio, D. A. and Scow, K. M.: Impacts of carbon and flooding on soil microbial communities: Phospholipid fatty acid profiles and substrate utilization patterns, Microb. Ecol., 35, 265–278, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002489900082, 1998.
Brady, N. C. and Weil, R. R.: The Nature and Properties of Soils, 15th Edn., Pearson Education, Pearson Press,
Columbus, Ohio, ISBN-13 978-0133254488, 2017.
Brooks, E. S., Boll, J., and McDaniel, P. A.: A hillslope-scale experiment to measure lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity, Water Resour. Res., 40, 4208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002858, 2004.
Buchmann, C. and Schaumann, G. E.: The contribution of various organic matter fractions to soil–water interactions and structural stability of an agriculturally cultivated soil, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sc., 181, 586–599, https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201700437, 2018.
Buyer, J. S. and Sasser, M.: High throughput phospholipid fatty acid analysis of soils, Appl.
Soil Ecol., 61, 127–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2012.06.005, 2012.
Çerçioğlu, M., Anderson, S. H., Udawatta, R. P., and Alagele, S.: Effect of cover crop management on soil hydraulic properties, Geoderma, 343, 247–253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.02.027, 2019.
Chabbi, A., Kögel-Knabner, I., and Rumpel, C.: Stabilised carbon in subsoil horizons is located in spatially distinct parts of the soil profile, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 256–261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.10.033, 2009.
Chantigny, M. H.: Dissolved and water-extractable organic matter in soils: A review on the
influence of land use and management practices, Geoderma, 113, 357–380,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00370-1, 2003.
Chen, G. and Weil, R. R.: Penetration of cover crop roots through compacted soils, Plant Soil, 331, 31–43, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0223-7, 2010.
Chen, S., Martin, M. P., Saby, N. P. A., Walter, C., Angers, D. A., and Arrouays, D.: Fine resolution map of top- and subsoil carbon sequestration potential in France, Sci. Total Environ., 630, 389–400, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.209, 2018.
Chenu, C., Angers, D. A., Barré, P., Derrien, D., Arrouays, D., and Balesdent, J.: Increasing organic stocks in agricultural soils: Knowledge gaps and potential innovations, Soil Till. Res., 188, 41–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.04.011, 2019.
Cole, J. S. and Mathews, O. R.: Subsoil moisture under semiarid conditions, Technical Bulletins 167381, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research
Service, https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.167381, 1939.
Colla, G., Mitchell, J. P., Joyce, B. A., Huyck, L. M., Wallender, W. W., Temple, S. R., Hsiao, T. C., and Poudel, D. D.: Soil physical properties and tomato yield and quality in alternative cropping systems, Agron. J., 92, 924–932, https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.925924x, 2000.
Coonan, E. C., Kirkby, C. A., Kirkegaard, J. A., Amidy, M. R., Strong, C. L., and Richardson, A. E.: Microorganisms and nutrient stoichiometry as mediators of soil organic matter dynamics, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 117, 273–298, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-020-10076-8, 2020.
Cotrufo, M. F., Wallenstein, M. D., Boot, C. M., Denef, K., and Paul, E.: The Microbial Efficiency-Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization: Do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter?, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 988–995, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12113, 2013.
Cui, Y., Zhang, Y., Duan, C., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Ju, W., Chen, H., Yue, S., Wang, Y., Li, S., and Fang, L.: Ecoenzymatic stoichiometry reveals microbial phosphorus limitation decreases the nitrogen cycling potential of soils in semi-arid agricultural ecosystems, Soil Till. Res., 197, 104463, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.104463, 2020.
Dalal, R. C. and Henry, R. J.: Simultaneous Determination of Moisture, Organic Carbon, and Total Nitrogen by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectrophotometry, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 50, 120–123, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000010023x, 1986.
Dangal, S. R. S., Sanderman, J., Wills, S., and Ramirez-Lopez, L.: Accurate and Precise Prediction of Soil Properties from a Large Mid-Infrared Spectral Library, Soil Systems, 3, 11, https://doi.org/10.3390/SOILSYSTEMS3010011, 2019.
Deiss, L., Margenot, A. J., Culman, S. W., and Demyan, M. S.: Optimizing acquisition parameters in diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy of soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 84, 930–948, https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20028, 2020.
Deiss, L., Sall, A., Demyan, M. S., and Culman, S. W.: Does crop rotation affect soil organic matter stratification in tillage systems, Soil Till. Res., 209, 104932, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.104932, 2021.
Demyan, M. S., Rasche, F., Schulz, E., Breulmann, M., Müller, T., and Cadisch, G.: Use of specific peaks obtained by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy to study the composition of organic matter in a Haplic Chernozem, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 63, 189–199, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01420.x, 2012.
de Queiroz, M. G., da Silva, T. G. F., Zolnier, S., Jardim, A. M. da R. F., de Souza, C. A. A., Araújo Júnior, G. do N., de Morais, J. E. F., and de Souza, L. S. B.: Spatial and temporal dynamics of soil moisture for surfaces with a change in land use in the semi-arid region of Brazil, CATENA, 188, 104457, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CATENA.2020.104457, 2020.
Dick, R. P.: A review: long-term effects of agricultural systems on soil biochemical and microbial parameters, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 40, 25–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(92)90081-L, 1992.
Ding, G., Liu, X., Herbert, S., Novak, J., Amarasiriwardena, D., and Xing, B.: Effect of cover crop management on soil organic matter, Geoderma, 130, 229–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEODERMA.2005.01.019, 2006.
Doane, T. A. and Horwáth, W. R.: Spectrophotometric determination of nitrate with a single reagent, Anal. Lett., 36, 2713–2722, https://doi.org/10.1081/AL-120024647, 2003.
Drenovsky, R. E., Vo, D., Graham, K. J., and Scow, K. M.: Soil water content and organic carbon availability are major determinants of soil microbial community composition, Microb. Ecol., 48, 424–430, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-003-1063-2, 2004.
Dungait, J. A. J., Hopkins, D. W., Gregory, A. S., and Whitmore, A. P.: Soil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance, Glob. Change Biol., 18, 1781–1796, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02665.x, 2012.
Edwards, P.: Sulfur cycling, retention, and mobility in soils: a review, available at: http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/technical_reports/pdfs/1998/gtrne250.pdf (last access: 10 April 2020), 1998.
Elliott, E. T.: Aggregate Structure and Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in Native and Cultivated Soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 50, 627–633, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000030017x, 1986.
Fan, J., McConkey, B., Wang, H., and Janzen, H.: Root distribution by depth for temperate agricultural crops, Field Crop. Res., 189, 68–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.02.013, 2016.
Fanin, N., Kardol, P., Farrell, M., Nilsson, M. C., Gundale, M. J., and Wardle, D. A.: The ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacterial PLFA markers as an indicator of carbon availability in organic soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 128, 111–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.10.010, 2019.
Fierer, N., Allen, A. S., Schimel, J. P., and Holden, P. A.: Controls on microbial CO2 production: A comparison of surface and subsurface soil horizons, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 1322–1332, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00663.x, 2003a.
Fierer, N., Schimel, J. P., and Holden, P. A.: Variations in microbial community composition through two soil depth profiles, Soil Biol. Biochem., 35, 167–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00251-1, 2003b.
Franzluebbers, A. J.: Water infiltration and soil structure related to organic matter and its stratification with depth, Soil Till. Res., 66, 197–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00027-2, 2002.
Frostegård, Å., Tunlid, A., and Bååth, E.: Use and misuse of PLFA measurements in soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 43, 1621–1625, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.11.021, 2011.
Ghestem, M., Sidle, R. C., and Stokes, A.: The influence of plant root systems on subsurface flow: Implications for slope stability, Bioscience, 61, 869–879, https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.11.6, 2011.
Gulick, S. H., Grimes, D. W., Munk, D. S., and Goldhamer, D. A.: Cover-Crop-Enhanced Water Infiltration of a Slowly Permeable Fine Sandy Loam, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 58, 1539–1546, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800050038x, 1994.
Hangen, E., Buczko, U., Bens, O., Brunotte, J., and Hüttl, R. F.: Infiltration patterns into two soils under conventional and conservation tillage: Influence of the spatial distribution of plant root structures and soil animal activity, Soil Till. Res., 63, 181–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00234-3, 2002.
Harrison, R. B., Footen, P. W., and Strahm, B. D.: Deep soil horizons: Contribution and importance to soil carbon pools and in assessing whole-ecosystem response to management and global change, Forest Sci., 57, 67–76, 2011.
Haruna, S. I., Nkongolo, N. V., Anderson, S. H., Eivazi, F., and Zaibon, S.: In situ infiltration as influenced by cover crop and tillage management, J. Soil Water Conserv., 73, 164–172, https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.73.2.164, 2018.
Hesse, M., Meier, H., and Zeeh, B.: Spektroskopische Methoden in der Organischen Chemie, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, https://doi.org/10.1002/pauz.19960250417, 2005 (in German).
Hicks Pries, C. E., Sulman, B. N., West, C., O'Neill, C., Poppleton, E., Porras, R. C., Castanha, C., Zhu, B., Wiedemeier, D. B., and Torn, M. S.: Root litter decomposition slows with soil depth, Soil Biol. Biochem., 125, 103–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.07.002, 2018.
Jenny, H.: Factors of Soil Formation: A System of Quantitative Pedology, Dover Publications,
New York, ISBN 978-05-9853-785-0, 1941.
Jilling, A., Kane, D., Williams, A., Yannarell, A. C., Davis, A., Jordan, N. R., Koide, R. T., Mortensen, D. A., Smith, R. G., Snapp, S. S., Spokas, K. A., and Stuart Grandy, A.: Rapid and distinct responses of particulate and mineral-associated organic nitrogen to conservation tillage and cover crops, Geoderma, 359, 114001, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114001, 2020.
Johnston, A. E. and Poulton, P. R.: The importance of long-term experiments in agriculture: their management to ensure continued crop production and soil fertility; the Rothamsted experience, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 69, 113–125, https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12521, 2018.
Jones, D. L. and Willett, V. B.: Experimental evaluation of methods to quantify dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 38, 991–999, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2005.08.012, 2006.
Joyce, B. A., Wallender, W. W., Mitchell, J. P., Huyck, L. M., Temple, S. R., Brostrom, P. N., and Hsiao, T. C.: Infiltration and Soil Water Storage Under Winter Cover Cropping in California's Sacramento Valley, T. ASAE, 45, 315–326, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.8526, 2002.
Kaiser, K. and Kalbitz, K.: Cycling downwards – dissolved organic matter in soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 52, 29–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2012.04.002, 2012.
Kautz, T., Amelung, W., Ewert, F., Gaiser, T., Horn, R., Jahn, R., Javaux, M., Kemna, A., Kuzyakov, Y., Munch, J. C., Pätzold, S., Peth, S., Scherer, H. W., Schloter, M., Schneider, H., Vanderborght, J., Vetterlein, D., Walter, A., Wiesenberg, G. L. B., and Köpke, U.: Nutrient acquisition from arable subsoils in temperate climates: A review, Soil Biol. Biochem., 57, 1003–1022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.09.014, 2013.
Keel, S. G., Anken, T., Büchi, L., Chervet, A., Fliessbach, A., Flisch, R., Huguenin-Elie, O., Mäder, P., Mayer, J., Sinaj, S., Sturny, W., Wüst-Galley, C., Zihlmann, U., and Leifeld, J.: Loss of soil organic carbon in Swiss long-term agricultural experiments over a wide range of management practices, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 286, 106654, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106654, 2019.
Keiluweit, M., Bougoure, J. J., Nico, P. S., Pett-Ridge, J., Weber, P. K., and Kleber, M.: Mineral protection of soil carbon counteracted by root exudates, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 588–595, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2580, 2015.
Kirkby, C. A., Kirkegaard, J. A., Richardson, A. E., Wade, L. J., Blanchard, C., and Batten, G.: Stable soil organic matter: A comparison of
Kirkby, C. A., Richardson, A. E., Wade, L. J., Batten, G. D., Blanchard, C., and Kirkegaard, J. A.: Carbon-nutrient stoichiometry to increase soil carbon sequestration, Soil Biol. Biochem., 60, 77–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.01.011, 2013.
Kong, A. Y. Y., Fonte, S. J., van Kessel, C., and Six, J.: Transitioning from standard to
minimum tillage: Trade-offs between soil organic matter stabilization, nitrous oxide
emissions, and N availability in irrigated cropping systems, Soil Till. Res., 104,
256–262, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.STILL.2009.03.004, 2009.
Kuzyakov, Y.: Priming effects: Interactions between living and dead organic matter, Soil Biol. Biochem., 42, 1363–1371, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.04.003, 2010.
Laos, F., Satti, P., Walter, I., Mazzarino, M. J., and Moyano, S.: Nutrient availability of composted and noncomposted residues in a Patagonian Xeric Mollisol, Biol. Fert. Soils, 31, 462–469, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003740000192, 2000.
Lavallee, J. M., Soong, J. L., and Cotrufo, M. F.: Conceptualizing soil organic matter into particulate and mineral-associated forms to address global change in the 21st century, Glob. Change Biol., 26, 261–273, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14859, 2020.
Leifeld, J., Siebert, S., and Kögel-Knabner, I.: Changes in the chemical composition of soil organic matter after application of compost, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 53, 299–309, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1351-0754.2002.00453.x, 2002.
Leinemann, T., Preusser, S., Mikutta, R., Kalbitz, K., Cerli, C., Höschen, C., Mueller, C. W., Kandeler, E., and Guggenberger, G.: Multiple exchange processes on mineral surfaces control the transport of dissolved organic matter through soil profiles, Soil Biol. Biochem., 118, 79–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.12.006, 2018.
Li, S., Zheng, X., Liu, C., Yao, Z., Zhang, W., and Han, S.: Influences of observation method, season, soil depth, land use and management practice on soil dissolvable organic carbon concentrations: A meta-analysis, Sci. Total Environ., 631–632, 105–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.238, 2018.
Liebmann, P., Wordell-Dietrich, P., Kalbitz, K., Mikutta, R., Kalks, F., Don, A., Woche, S. K., Dsilva, L. R., and Guggenberger, G.: Relevance of aboveground litter for soil organic matter formation – a soil profile perspective, Biogeosciences, 17, 3099–3113, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3099-2020, 2020.
Lorenz, K. and Lal, R.: The Depth Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon in Relation to Land Use and Management and the Potential of Carbon Sequestration in Subsoil Horizons, Adv. Agron., 88, 35–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(05)88002-2, 2005.
Mailapalli, D. R., Horwath, W. R., Wallender, W. W., and Burger, M.: Infiltration, Runoff, and Export of Dissolved Organic Carbon from Furrow-Irrigated Forage Fields under Cover Crop and No-Till Management in the Arid Climate of California, J. Irrig. Drain. E., 138, 35–42, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000385, 2012.
Maltais-Landry, G., Scow, K., and Brennan, E.: Soil phosphorus mobilization in the rhizosphere of cover crops has little effect on phosphorus cycling in California agricultural soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 78, 255–262, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2014.08.013, 2014.
Margenot, A. J., Calderón, F. J., Bowles, T. M., Parikh, S. J., and Jackson, L. E.: Soil organic matter functional group composition in relation to organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus fractions in organically managed tomato fields, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 79, 772–782, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2015.02.0070, 2015.
Margenot, A. J., Calderon, F. J., and Parikh, S. J.: Limitations and potential of spectral subtractions in Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of soil samples, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 80, 10–26, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2015.06.0228, 2016.
Margenot, A. J., Parikh, S. J., and Calderón, F. J.: Improving infrared spectroscopy characterization of soil organic matter with spectral subtractions, JOVE-J. Vis. Exp., 2019, e57464, https://doi.org/10.3791/57464, 2019.
Matlou, M. C. and Haynes, R. J.: Soluble organic matter and microbial biomass C and N in soils under pasture and arable management and the leaching of organic C, N and nitrate in a lysimeter study, Appl. Soil Ecol., 34, 160–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.02.005, 2006.
Maxin, C. R. and Kogel-Knabner, I.: Partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to water-soluble soil organic matter, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 46, 193–204, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1995.tb01827.x, 1995.
Medellín-Azuara, J., Howitt, R. E., MacEwan, D. J., and Lund, J. R.: Economic impacts of climate-related changes to California agriculture, Clim. Change, 109, 387–405, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0314-3, 2011.
Mehlich, A.: Mehlich 3 soil test extractant: A modification of Mehlich 2 extractant, Commun. Soil Sci. Plan., 15, 1409–1416, https://doi.org/10.1080/00103628409367568, 1984.
Min, K., Berhe, A. A., Khoi, C. M., van Asperen, H., Gillabel, J., and Six, J.: Differential effects of wetting and drying on soil CO2 concentration and flux in near-surface vs. deep soil layers, Biogeochemistry, 148, 255–269, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00658-7, 2020.
Mise, K., Maruyama, R., Miyabara, Y., Kunito, T., Senoo, K., and Otsuka, S.: Time-series analysis of phosphorus-depleted microbial communities in carbon/nitrogen-amended soils, Appl. Soil Ecol., 145, 103346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.08.008, 2020.
Mobley, M. L., Lajtha, K., Kramer, M. G., Bacon, A. R., Heine, P. R., and Richter, D. D.: Surficial gains and subsoil losses of soil carbon and nitrogen during secondary forest development, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 986–996, https://doi.org/10.1111/GCB.12715, 2015.
Moore-Kucera, J. and Dick, R. P.: PLFA profiling of microbial community structure and seasonal shifts in soils of a Douglas-fir chronosequence, Microb. Ecol., 55, 500–511, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-007-9295-1, 2008.
Ng, E. L., Patti, A. F., Rose, M. T., Schefe, C. R., Wilkinson, K., and Cavagnaro, T. R.: Functional stoichiometry of soil microbial communities after amendment with stabilised organic matter, Soil Biol. Biochem., 76, 170–178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.05.016, 2014.
Ogilvie, C. M., Ashiq, W., Vasava, H. B., and Biswas, A.: Quantifying Root-Soil Interactions in Cover Crop Systems: A Review, Agriculture, 11, 218, https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030218, 2021.
Orlov, D. S.: Humus acids of soil, Balkema, Rotterdam, https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.19871500116, 1986.
Orwin, K. H., Dickie, I. A., Holdaway, R., and Wood, J. R.: A comparison of the ability of PLFA and 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding to resolve soil community change and predict ecosystem functions, Soil Biol. Biochem., 117, 27–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.10.036, 2018.
Øygarden, L., Kværner, J., and Jenssen, P. D.: Soil erosion via preferential flow to drainage systems in clay soils, Geoderma, 76, 65–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(96)00099-7, 1997.
Ozelim, L. C. de S. M. and Cavalcante, A. L. B.: Representative Elementary Volume Determination for Permeability and Porosity Using Numerical Three-Dimensional Experiments in Microtomography Data, Int. J. Geomech., 18, 04017154, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001060, 2018.
Pagliai, M., Vignozzi, N., and Pellegrini, S.: Soil structure and the effect of management practices, Soil Till. Res., 79, 131–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.STILL.2004.07.002, 2004.
Parikh, S. J., Margenot, A. J., Mukome, F. N. D., Calderon, F., and Goyne, K. W.: Soil Chemical Insights Provided through Vibrational Spectroscopy, Adv. Agron., 126, 1–148, 2014.
Pathak, T., Maskey, M., Dahlberg, J., Kearns, F., Bali, K., and Zaccaria, D.: Climate Change Trends and Impacts on California Agriculture: A Detailed Review, Agronomy, 8, 25, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8030025, 2018.
Paul, E. A., Follett, R. F., Leavitt, S. W., Halvorson, A., Peterson, G. A., and Lyon, D. J.: Radiocarbon Dating for Determination of Soil Organic Matter Pool Sizes and Dynamics, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61, 1058–1067, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100040011x, 1997.
Paul, E. A., Collins, H. P., and Leavitt, S. W.: Dynamics of resistant soil carbon of midwestern agricultural soils measured by naturally occurring 14C abundance, Geoderma, 104, 239–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(01)00083-0, 2001.
Petersen, S. O. and Klug, M. J.: Effects of sieving, storage, and incubation temperature on the phospholipid fatty acid profile of a soil microbial community, Appl. Environ. Microb., 60, 2421–2430, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.60.7.2421-2430.1994, 1994.
Pignatello, J. J.: The Measurement and Interpretation of Sorption and Desorption Rates for Organic Compounds in Soil Media, Adv. Agron., 69, 1–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60946-3, 1999.
Preusch, P. L., Adler, P. R., Sikora, L. J., and Tworkoski, T. J.: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability in Composted and Uncomposted Poultry Litter, J. Environ. Qual., 31, 2051–2057, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.2051, 2002.
Rath, D., Bogie, N., Deiss, L., Parikh, S., Wang, D., Tautges, N., Berhe, A. A., and Scow, K.: danrath/2018_RRCARBON_DEPTH: Data and Code for Submission to Soil EGU Journal 2_23_21 (1.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4558161, 2021a.
Rath, D., Bogie, N., Deiss, L., Parikh, S., Wang, D., Tautges, N., Berhe, A. A., and Scow, K.: danrath/2018_RRCARBON_DEPTH: Data and Code for Submission to Soil EGU Journal 2_23_21 (1.0), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4558161, 2021b.
Rapalee, G., Trumbore, S. E., Davidson, E. A., Harden, J. W., and Veldhuis, H.: Soil Carbon stocks and their rates of accumulation and loss in a boreal forest landscape, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 12, 687–701, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GB02336, 1998.
R Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, https://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 13 January 2022), 2017.
Rhine, E. D., Mulvaney, R. L., Pratt, E. J., and Sims, G. K.: Improving the Berthelot reaction for determining ammonium in soil extracts and water, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62, 473–480, 1998.
Richardson, A. E., Kirkby, C. A., Banerjee, S., and Kirkegaard, J. A.: The inorganic nutrient cost of building soil carbon, Carbon Manag., 5, 265–268, https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2014.923226, 2014.
Roth, V. N., Lange, M., Simon, C., Hertkorn, N., Bucher, S., Goodall, T., Griffiths, R. I., Mellado-Vázquez, P. G., Mommer, L., Oram, N. J., Weigelt, A., Dittmar, T., and Gleixner, G.: Persistence of dissolved organic matter explained by molecular changes during its passage through soil, Nat. Geosci., 12, 755–761, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0417-4, 2019.
Rumpel, C. and Kögel-Knabner, I.: Deep soil organic matter – a key but poorly understood component of terrestrial C cycle, Plant Soil, 338, 143–158, 2011.
Rumpel, C., Chabbi, A., and Marschner, B.: Carbon storage and sequestration in subsoil horizons: Knowledge, gaps and potentials, in: Recarbonization of the Biosphere: Ecosystems and the Global Carbon Cycle, 445–464, Springer Netherlands, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4159-1_20, 2012.
Salomé, C., Nunan, N., Pouteau, V., Lerch, T. Z., and Chenu, C.: Carbon dynamics in topsoil and in subsoil may be controlled by different regulatory mechanisms, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 416–426, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01884.x, 2010.
Samson, M. E., Chantigny, M. H., Vanasse, A., Menasseri-Aubry, S., Royer, I., and Angers, D. A.: Management practices differently affect particulate and mineral-associated organic matter and their precursors in arable soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 148, 107867, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107867, 2020.
Sanaullah, M., Chabbi, A., Leifeld, J., Bardoux, G., Billou, D., and Rumpel, C.: Decomposition and stabilization of root litter in top- and subsoil horizons: What is the difference?, Plant Soil, 338, 127–141, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0554-4, 2011.
Sanderman, J. and Amundson, R.: A comparative study of dissolved organic carbon transport and stabilization in California forest and grassland soils, Biogeochemistry, 89, 309–327, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-008-9221-8, 2008.
Schmidt, J. E., Peterson, C., Wang, D., Scow, K. M., and Gaudin, A. C. M.: Agroecosystem tradeoffs associated with conversion to subsurface drip irrigation in organic systems, Agr. Water Manage., 202, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.02.005, 2018.
Scott, H. D., Waddle, B. A., Williams, W., Frans, R. E., and Keisling, T. C.: Winter cover crops influence on cotton yield and selected soil properties1, Commun. Soil Sci. Plan., 25, 3087–3100, https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629409369250, 1994.
Scow, K., Bryant, D. M., Burger, M., and Torbert, E.: Russell Ranch Sustainable Agriculture Facility, available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255668835 (last access: 17 November 2021), 2012.
Sharpley, A. and Moyer, B.: Phosphorus Forms in Manure and Compost and Their Release during Simulated Rainfall, J. Environ. Qual., 29, 1462–1469, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900050012x, 2000.
Silhavy, T. J., Kahne, D., and Walker, S.: The bacterial cell envelope, CSH Perspect. Biol., 2, a000414, https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a000414, 2010.
Singh, G., Kaur, G., Williard, K. W. J., and Schoonover, J. E.: Cover crops and tillage effects on carbon–nitrogen pools: A lysimeter study, Vadose Zone J., 20, e20110, https://doi.org/10.1002/VZJ2.20110, 2021.
Slessarev, E. W., Lin, Y., Jiménez, B. Y., Homyak, P. M., Chadwick, O. A., D'Antonio, C. M., and Schimel, J. P.: Cellular and extracellular C contributions to respiration after wetting dry soil, Biogeochemistry, 147, 307–324, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00645-y, 2020.
Smernik, R. J. and Oades, J. M.: Paramagnetic Effects on Solid State Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Soil Organic Matter, J. Environ. Qual., 31, 414–420, https://doi.org/10.2134/JEQ2002.4140, 2002.
Smith, B. C.: Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, 2nd Edn., CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, ISBN-13 978-1420069297, 2011.
Smitii, A.: Seasonal subsoil temperature variations, J. Agric. Res., 44, 421–428, 1932.
Soil Survey Staff: Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th Edn., USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC, ISBN 978-03-5957-324-0, 2014.
Sokol, N. W. and Bradford, M. A.: Microbial formation of stable soil carbon is more efficient from belowground than aboveground input, Nat. Geosci., 12, 46–53, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0258-6, 2019.
Soong, J. L., Fuchslueger, L., Marañon-Jimenez, S., Torn, M. S., Janssens, I. A., Penuelas, J., and Richter, A.: Microbial carbon limitation: The need for integrating microorganisms into our understanding of ecosystem carbon cycling, Glob. Change Biol., 26, 1953–1961, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14962, 2020.
Soong, J. L., Castanha, C., Pries, C. E. H., Ofiti, N., Porras, R. C., Riley, W. J., Schmidt, M. W. I., and Torn, M. S.: Five years of whole-soil warming led to loss of subsoil carbon stocks and increased CO2 efflux, Sci. Adv., 7, eabd1343, https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIADV.ABD1343, 2021.
Spohn, M., Klaus, K., Wanek, W., and Richter, A.: Microbial carbon use efficiency and biomass turnover times depending on soil depth – Implications for carbon cycling, Soil Biol. Biochem., 96, 74–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.01.016, 2016.
Sradnick, A., Oltmanns, M., Raupp, J., and Joergensen, R. G.: Microbial residue indices down the soil profile after long-term addition of farmyard manure and mineral fertilizer to a sandy soil, Geoderma, 226–227, 79–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.03.005, 2014.
Steenwerth, K. and Belina, K. M.: Cover crops enhance soil organic matter, carbon dynamics and microbiological function in a vineyard agroecosystem, Appl. Soil Ecol., 40, 359–369, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2008.06.006, 2008.
Syswerda, S. P., Corbin, A. T., Mokma, D. L., Kravchenko, A. N., and Robertson, G. P.: Agricultural Management and Soil Carbon Storage in Surface vs. Deep Layers, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 75, 92–101, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2009.0414, 2011.
Tautges, N. E., Chiartas, J. L., Gaudin, A. C. M., O'Geen, A. T., Herrera, I., and Scow, K. M.: Deep soil inventories reveal that impacts of cover crops and compost on soil carbon sequestration differ in surface and subsurface soils, Glob. Change Biol., 25, 3753–3766, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14762, 2019.
Taylor, J. P., Wilson, B., Mills, M. S., and Burns, R. G.: Comparison of microbial numbers and enzymatic activities in surface soils and subsoils using various techniques, Soil Biol. Biochem., 34, 387–401, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00199-7, 2002.
van Bavel, C. H. M.: Mean Weight-Diameter of Soil Aggregates as a Statistical Index of Aggregation, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 14, 20–23, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1950.036159950014000c0005x, 1950.
VandenBygaart, A. J., Bremer, E., McConkey, B. G., Ellert, B. H., Janzen, H. H., Angers, D. A., Carter, M. R., Drury, C. F., Lafond, G. P., and McKenzie, R. H.: Impact of Sampling Depth on Differences in Soil Carbon Stocks in Long-Term Agroecosystem Experiments, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 75, 226–234, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2010.0099, 2011.
Vinten, A. J. A., Vivian, B. J., Wright, F., and Howard, R. S.: A comparative study of nitrate leaching from soils of differing textures under similar climatic and cropping conditions, J. Hydrol., 159, 197–213, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90256-9, 1994.
Wang, D., Fonte, S. J., Parikh, S. J., Six, J., and Scow, K. M.: Biochar additions can enhance soil structure and the physical stabilization of C in aggregates, Geoderma, 303, 110–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.05.027, 2017.
West, J. R., Cates, A. M., Ruark, M. D., Deiss, L., Whitman, T., and Rui, Y.: Winter rye does not increase microbial necromass contributions to soil organic carbon in continuous corn silage in North Central US, Soil Biol. Biochem., 148, 107899, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107899, 2020.
White, K. E., Brennan, E. B., Cavigelli, M. A., and Smith, R. F.: Winter cover crops increase readily decomposable soil carbon, but compost drives total soil carbon during eight years of intensive, organic vegetable production in California, edited by: Snapp, S. S., PLoS One, 15, e0228677, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228677, 2020.
Whitmore, A. P., Kirk, G. J. D., and Rawlins, B. G.: Technologies for increasing carbon storage in soil to mitigate climate change, Soil Use Manage, 31, 62–71, https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12115, 2015.
Wickham, H., Averick, M., Bryan, J., Chang, W., McGowan, L., François, R., Grolemund, G., Hayes, A., Henry, L., Hester, J., Kuhn, M., Pedersen, T., Miller, E., Bache, S., Müller, K., Ooms, J., Robinson, D., Seidel, D., Spinu, V., Takahashi, K., Vaughan, D., Wilke, C., Woo, K., and Yutani, H.: Welcome to the Tidyverse, Journal of Open Source Software, 4, 1686, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686, 2019.
Williams, E. K., Fogel, M. L., Berhe, A. A., and Plante, A. F.: Distinct bioenergetic signatures in particulate versus mineral-associated soil organic matter, Geoderma, 330, 107–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.05.024, 2018.
Wolf, K. M., Torbert, E. E., Bryant, D., Burger, M., Denison, R. F., Herrera, I., Hopmans, J., Horwath, W., Kaffka, S., Kong, A. Y. Y., Norris, R. F., Six, J., Tomich, T. P., and Scow, K. M.: The century experiment: the first twenty years of UC Davis' Mediterranean agroecological experiment, Ecology, 99, 503, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2105, 2018.
Wright, A. L., Provin, T. L., Hons, F. M., Zuberer, D. A., and White, R. H.: Compost impacts on dissolved organic carbon and available nitrogen and phosphorus in turfgrass soil, Waste Manage., 28, 1057–1063, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.04.003, 2008.
Wuest, S.: Seasonal Variation in Soil Organic Carbon, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 78, 1442–1447, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.10.0447, 2014.
Xiang, S. R., Doyle, A., Holden, P. A., and Schimel, J. P.: Drying and rewetting effects on C and N mineralization and microbial activity in surface and subsurface California grassland soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 40, 2281–2289, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.05.004, 2008.
Yost, J. L. and Hartemink, A. E.: How deep is the soil studied – an analysis of four soil science journals, Plant Soil, 452, 5–18, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04550-z, 2020.
Zeynoddin, M., Bonakdari, H., Ebtehaj, I., Esmaeilbeiki, F., Gharabaghi, B., and Zare Haghi, D.: A reliable linear stochastic daily soil temperature forecast model, Soil Till. Res., 189, 73–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.STILL.2018.12.023, 2019.
Zhang, Y., Zheng, N., Wang, J., Yao, H., Qiu, Q., and Chapman, S. J.: High turnover rate of free phospholipids in soil confirms the classic hypothesis of PLFA methodology, Soil Biol. Biochem., 135, 323–330, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.05.023, 2019.
Zhou, X., Chen, C., Wu, H., and Xu, Z.: Dynamics of soil extractable carbon and nitrogen under different cover crop residues, J. Soil. Sediment., 12, 844–853, https://doi.org/10.1007/S11368-012-0515-Z, 2012.
Zmora-Nahum, S., Markovitch, O., Tarchitzky, J., and Chen, Y.: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as a parameter of compost maturity, Soil Biol. Biochem., 37, 2109–2116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.03.013, 2005.
Short summary
Storing C in subsoils can help mitigate climate change, but this requires a better understanding of subsoil C dynamics. We investigated changes in subsoil C storage under a combination of compost, cover crops (WCC), and mineral fertilizer and found that systems with compost + WCC had ~19 Mg/ha more C after 25 years. This increase was attributed to increased transport of soluble C and nutrients via WCC root pores and demonstrates the potential for subsoil C storage in tilled agricultural systems.
Storing C in subsoils can help mitigate climate change, but this requires a better understanding...
