Articles | Volume 9, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-301-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-301-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Original research article
| 
05 Jun 2023
Original research article |
| 05 Jun 2023
| 05 Jun 2023
Managing soil organic carbon in tropical agroecosystems: evidence from four long-term experiments in Kenya
Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Marc Corbeels
CIRAD, Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier, France
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o ICIPE Compound, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Antoine Couëdel
CIRAD, Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier, France
Samuel Mathu Ndungu
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o ICIPE Compound, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Monicah Wanjiku Mucheru-Muna
Department of Environmental Sciences and Education, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Daniel Mugendi
Department of Land and Water Management, University of Embu, P.O. Box 6-60100, Embu, Kenya
Magdalena Necpalova
Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Wycliffe Waswa
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o ICIPE Compound, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Marijn Van de Broek
Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Bernard Vanlauwe
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o ICIPE Compound, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Johan Six
Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
Moritz Laub, Magdalena Necpalova, Marijn Van de Broek, Marc Corbeels, Samuel Mathu Ndungu, Monicah Wanjiku Mucheru-Muna, Daniel Mugendi, Rebecca Yegon, Wycliffe Waswa, Bernard Vanlauwe, and Johan Six
Biogeosciences, 21, 3691–3716, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3691-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3691-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used the DayCent model to assess the potential impact of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) on maize production, soil fertility, and greenhouse gas emission in Kenya. After adjustments, DayCent represented measured mean yields and soil carbon stock changes well and N2O emissions acceptably. Our results showed that soil fertility losses could be reduced but not completely eliminated with ISFM and that, while N2O emissions increased with ISFM, emissions per kilogram yield decreased.
Johan Six, Sebastian Doetterl, Moritz Laub, Claude R. Müller, and Marijn Van de Broek
SOIL, 10, 275–279, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-275-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-275-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Soil C saturation has been tested in several recent studies and led to a debate about its existence. We argue that, to test C saturation, one should pay attention to six fundamental principles: the right measures, the right units, the right dispersive energy and application, the right soil type, the right clay type, and the right saturation level. Once we take care of those six rights across studies, we find support for a maximum of C stabilized by minerals and thus soil C saturation.
Moritz Laub, Sergey Blagodatsky, Marijn Van de Broek, Samuel Schlichenmaier, Benjapon Kunlanit, Johan Six, Patma Vityakon, and Georg Cadisch
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 931–956, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-931-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-931-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To manage soil organic matter (SOM) sustainably, we need a better understanding of the role that soil microbes play in aggregate protection. Here, we propose the SAMM model, which connects soil aggregate formation to microbial growth. We tested it against data from a tropical long-term experiment and show that SAMM effectively represents the microbial growth, SOM, and aggregate dynamics and that it can be used to explore the importance of aggregate formation in SOM stabilization.
Vira Leng, Rémi Cardinael, Florent Tivet, Vang Seng, Phearum Mark, Pascal Lienhard, Titouan Filloux, Johan Six, Lyda Hok, Stéphane Boulakia, Clever Briedis, João Carlos de Moraes Sá, and Laurent Thuriès
SOIL, 10, 699–725, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the long-term impacts of no-till cropping systems on soil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics down to 1 m depth under the annual upland crop productions (cassava, maize, and soybean) in the tropical climate of Cambodia. We showed that no-till systems combined with rotations and cover crops could store large amounts of carbon in the top and subsoil in both the mineral organic matter and particulate organic matter fractions. We also question nitrogen management in these systems.
Claude Raoul Müller, Johan Six, Daniel Mugendi Njiru, Bernard Vanlauwe, and Marijn Van de Broek
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2796, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2796, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how different organic and inorganic nutrient inputs affect soil organic carbon (SOC) down to 70 cm in Kenya. After 19 years, all organic treatments increased SOC stocks as compared to the control, but mineral nitrogen had no significant effect. Manure was the organic treatment that significantly increased SOC the deepest as its effect could be observed down to 60 cm. Manure was the best strategy to limit SOC loss in croplands and maintain soil quality after deforestation.
Moritz Laub, Magdalena Necpalova, Marijn Van de Broek, Marc Corbeels, Samuel Mathu Ndungu, Monicah Wanjiku Mucheru-Muna, Daniel Mugendi, Rebecca Yegon, Wycliffe Waswa, Bernard Vanlauwe, and Johan Six
Biogeosciences, 21, 3691–3716, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3691-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3691-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used the DayCent model to assess the potential impact of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) on maize production, soil fertility, and greenhouse gas emission in Kenya. After adjustments, DayCent represented measured mean yields and soil carbon stock changes well and N2O emissions acceptably. Our results showed that soil fertility losses could be reduced but not completely eliminated with ISFM and that, while N2O emissions increased with ISFM, emissions per kilogram yield decreased.
Roxanne Daelman, Marijn Bauters, Matti Barthel, Emmanuel Bulonza, Lodewijk Lefevre, José Mbifo, Johan Six, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Benjamin Wolf, Ralf Kiese, and Pascal Boeckx
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2346, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2346, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The increase in atmospheric concentrations of several greenhouse gasses (GHG) since 1750 is attributed to human activity, however natural ecosystems, such as tropical forests, also contribute to GHG budgets. The Congo basin hosts the second largest tropical forest and is understudied. In this study, measurements of soil GHG exchange were carried out during 16 months in a tropical forest in the Congo Basin. Overall, the soil acted as a major source for CO2 and N2O and a minor sink for CH4.
Marijn Van de Broek, Gerard Govers, Marion Schrumpf, and Johan Six
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2205, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2205, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Soil organic carbon models are used to predict how soils affect the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. We show that equifinality – the phenomenon that different parameter values lead to correct overall model outputs, albeit with a different model behaviour – is an important source of model uncertainty. Our results imply that adding more complexity to soil organic carbon models is unlikely to lead to better predictions, as long as more data to constrain model parameters are not available.
Claude Raoul Müller, Johan Six, Liesa Brosens, Philipp Baumann, Jean Paolo Gomes Minella, Gerard Govers, and Marijn Van de Broek
SOIL, 10, 349–365, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-349-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-349-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Subsoils in the tropics are not as extensively studied as those in temperate regions. In this study, the conversion of forest to agriculture in a subtropical region affected the concentration of stabilized organic carbon (OC) down to 90 cm depth, while no significant differences between 90 cm and 300 cm were detected. Our results suggest that subsoils below 90 cm are unlikely to accumulate additional stabilized OC through reforestation over decadal periods due to declining OC input with depth.
Johan Six, Sebastian Doetterl, Moritz Laub, Claude R. Müller, and Marijn Van de Broek
SOIL, 10, 275–279, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-275-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-275-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Soil C saturation has been tested in several recent studies and led to a debate about its existence. We argue that, to test C saturation, one should pay attention to six fundamental principles: the right measures, the right units, the right dispersive energy and application, the right soil type, the right clay type, and the right saturation level. Once we take care of those six rights across studies, we find support for a maximum of C stabilized by minerals and thus soil C saturation.
Armwell Shumba, Regis Chikowo, Christian Thierfelder, Marc Corbeels, Johan Six, and Rémi Cardinael
SOIL, 10, 151–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-151-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-151-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Conservation agriculture (CA), combining reduced or no tillage, permanent soil cover, and improved rotations, is often promoted as a climate-smart practice. However, our knowledge of the impact of CA on top- and subsoil soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in the low-input cropping systems of sub-Saharan Africa is rather limited. Using two long-term experimental sites with different soil types, we found that mulch could increase top SOC stocks, but no tillage alone had a slightly negative impact.
Mosisa Tujuba Wakjira, Nadav Peleg, Johan Six, and Peter Molnar
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-37, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-37, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
While rainwater is a key resource in crop production, its productivity faces challenges from climate change. Using a simple model of climate, water, and crop yield interactions, we found that rain-scarce croplands in Ethiopia are likely to experience decreases in crop yield during the main growing season, primarily due to future temperature increases. These insights are crucial for shaping future water management plans, policies, and informed decision-making for climate adaptation.
Moritz Laub, Sergey Blagodatsky, Marijn Van de Broek, Samuel Schlichenmaier, Benjapon Kunlanit, Johan Six, Patma Vityakon, and Georg Cadisch
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 931–956, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-931-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-931-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To manage soil organic matter (SOM) sustainably, we need a better understanding of the role that soil microbes play in aggregate protection. Here, we propose the SAMM model, which connects soil aggregate formation to microbial growth. We tested it against data from a tropical long-term experiment and show that SAMM effectively represents the microbial growth, SOM, and aggregate dynamics and that it can be used to explore the importance of aggregate formation in SOM stabilization.
Kristof Van Oost and Johan Six
Biogeosciences, 20, 635–646, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-635-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-635-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The direction and magnitude of the net erosion-induced land–atmosphere C exchange have been the topic of a big scientific debate for more than a decade now. Many have assumed that erosion leads to a loss of soil carbon to the atmosphere, whereas others have shown that erosion ultimately leads to a carbon sink. Here, we show that the soil carbon erosion source–sink paradox is reconciled when the broad range of temporal and spatial scales at which the underlying processes operate are considered.
Charlotte Decock, Juhwan Lee, Matti Barthel, Elizabeth Verhoeven, Franz Conen, and Johan Six
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-221, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-221, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
One of the least well understood processes in the nitrogen (N) cycle is the loss of nitrogen gas (N2), referred to as total denitrification. This is mainly due to the difficulty of quantifying total denitrification in situ. In this study, we developed and tested a novel modeling approach to estimate total denitrification over the depth profile, based on concentrations and isotope values of N2O. Our method will help close N budgets and identify management strategies that reduce N pollution.
Tegawende Léa Jeanne Ilboudo, Lucien NGuessan Diby, Delwendé Innocent Kiba, Tor Gunnar Vågen, Leigh Ann Winowiecki, Hassan Bismarck Nacro, Johan Six, and Emmanuel Frossard
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-209, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-209, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Our results showed that at landscape level SOC stock variability was mainly explained by clay content. We found significant linear positive relationships between VC and SOC stocks for the land uses annual croplands, perennial croplands, grasslands and bushlands without soil depth restrictions until 110 cm. We concluded that in the forest-savanna transition zone, soil properties and topography determine land use, which in turn affects the stocks of SOC and TN and to some extent the VC stocks.
Rey Harvey Suello, Simon Lucas Hernandez, Steven Bouillon, Jean-Philippe Belliard, Luis Dominguez-Granda, Marijn Van de Broek, Andrea Mishell Rosado Moncayo, John Ramos Veliz, Karem Pollette Ramirez, Gerard Govers, and Stijn Temmerman
Biogeosciences, 19, 1571–1585, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1571-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1571-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research shows indications that the age of the mangrove forest and its position along a deltaic gradient (upstream–downstream) play a vital role in the amount and sources of carbon stored in the mangrove sediments. Our findings also imply that carbon capture by the mangrove ecosystem itself contributes partly but relatively little to long-term sediment organic carbon storage. This finding is particularly relevant for budgeting the potential of mangrove ecosystems to mitigate climate change.
Florian Lauryssen, Philippe Crombé, Tom Maris, Elliot Van Maldegem, Marijn Van de Broek, Stijn Temmerman, and Erik Smolders
Biogeosciences, 19, 763–776, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-763-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-763-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Surface waters in lowland regions have a poor surface water quality, mainly due to excess nutrients like phosphate. Therefore, we wanted to know the phosphate levels without humans, also called the pre-industrial background. Phosphate binds strongly to sediment particles, suspended in the river water. In this research we used sediments deposited by a river as an archive for surface water phosphate back to 1800 CE. Pre-industrial phosphate levels were estimated at one-third of the modern levels.
Philipp Baumann, Juhwan Lee, Emmanuel Frossard, Laurie Paule Schönholzer, Lucien Diby, Valérie Kouamé Hgaza, Delwende Innocent Kiba, Andrew Sila, Keith Sheperd, and Johan Six
SOIL, 7, 717–731, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-717-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-717-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work delivers openly accessible and validated calibrations for diagnosing 26 soil properties based on mid-infrared spectroscopy. These were developed for four regions in Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire, including 80 fields of smallholder farmers. The models can help to site-specifically and cost-efficiently monitor soil quality and fertility constraints to ameliorate soils and yields of yam or other staple crops in the four regions between the humid forest and the northern Guinean savanna.
Laura Summerauer, Philipp Baumann, Leonardo Ramirez-Lopez, Matti Barthel, Marijn Bauters, Benjamin Bukombe, Mario Reichenbach, Pascal Boeckx, Elizabeth Kearsley, Kristof Van Oost, Bernard Vanlauwe, Dieudonné Chiragaga, Aimé Bisimwa Heri-Kazi, Pieter Moonen, Andrew Sila, Keith Shepherd, Basile Bazirake Mujinya, Eric Van Ranst, Geert Baert, Sebastian Doetterl, and Johan Six
SOIL, 7, 693–715, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-693-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-693-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a soil mid-infrared library with over 1800 samples from central Africa in order to facilitate soil analyses of this highly understudied yet critical area. Together with an existing continental library, we demonstrate a regional analysis and geographical extrapolation to predict total carbon and nitrogen. Our results show accurate predictions and highlight the value that the data contribute to existing libraries. Our library is openly available for public use and for expansion.
Sebastian Doetterl, Rodrigue K. Asifiwe, Geert Baert, Fernando Bamba, Marijn Bauters, Pascal Boeckx, Benjamin Bukombe, Georg Cadisch, Matthew Cooper, Landry N. Cizungu, Alison Hoyt, Clovis Kabaseke, Karsten Kalbitz, Laurent Kidinda, Annina Maier, Moritz Mainka, Julia Mayrock, Daniel Muhindo, Basile B. Mujinya, Serge M. Mukotanyi, Leon Nabahungu, Mario Reichenbach, Boris Rewald, Johan Six, Anna Stegmann, Laura Summerauer, Robin Unseld, Bernard Vanlauwe, Kristof Van Oost, Kris Verheyen, Cordula Vogel, Florian Wilken, and Peter Fiener
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4133–4153, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4133-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4133-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The African Tropics are hotspots of modern-day land use change and are of great relevance for the global carbon cycle. Here, we present data collected as part of the DFG-funded project TropSOC along topographic, land use, and geochemical gradients in the eastern Congo Basin and the Albertine Rift. Our database contains spatial and temporal data on soil, vegetation, environmental properties, and land management collected from 136 pristine tropical forest and cropland plots between 2017 and 2020.
Philipp Baumann, Anatol Helfenstein, Andreas Gubler, Armin Keller, Reto Giulio Meuli, Daniel Wächter, Juhwan Lee, Raphael Viscarra Rossel, and Johan Six
SOIL, 7, 525–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-525-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-525-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed the Swiss mid-infrared spectral library and a statistical model collection across 4374 soil samples with reference measurements of 16 properties. Our library incorporates soil from 1094 grid locations and 71 long-term monitoring sites. This work confirms once again that nationwide spectral libraries with diverse soils can reliably feed information to a fast chemical diagnosis. Our data-driven reduction of the library has the potential to accurately monitor carbon at the plot scale.
Mario Reichenbach, Peter Fiener, Gina Garland, Marco Griepentrog, Johan Six, and Sebastian Doetterl
SOIL, 7, 453–475, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-453-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-453-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In deeply weathered tropical rainforest soils of Africa, we found that patterns of soil organic carbon stocks differ between soils developed from geochemically contrasting parent material due to differences in the abundance of organo-mineral complexes, the presence/absence of chemical stabilization mechanisms of carbon with minerals and the presence of fossil organic carbon from sedimentary rocks. Physical stabilization mechanisms by aggregation provide additional protection of soil carbon.
Sophie F. von Fromm, Alison M. Hoyt, Markus Lange, Gifty E. Acquah, Ermias Aynekulu, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Stephan M. Haefele, Steve P. McGrath, Keith D. Shepherd, Andrew M. Sila, Johan Six, Erick K. Towett, Susan E. Trumbore, Tor-G. Vågen, Elvis Weullow, Leigh A. Winowiecki, and Sebastian Doetterl
SOIL, 7, 305–332, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated various soil and climate properties that influence soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations in sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings indicate that climate and geochemistry are equally important for explaining SOC variations. The key SOC-controlling factors are broadly similar to those for temperate regions, despite differences in soil development history between the two regions.
Anatol Helfenstein, Philipp Baumann, Raphael Viscarra Rossel, Andreas Gubler, Stefan Oechslin, and Johan Six
SOIL, 7, 193–215, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-193-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-193-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we show that a soil spectral library (SSL) can be used to predict soil carbon at new and very different locations. The importance of this finding is that it requires less time-consuming lab work than calibrating a new model for every local application, while still remaining similar to or more accurate than local models. Furthermore, we show that this method even works for predicting (drained) peat soils, using a SSL with mostly mineral soils containing much less soil carbon.
Simon Baumgartner, Marijn Bauters, Matti Barthel, Travis W. Drake, Landry C. Ntaboba, Basile M. Bazirake, Johan Six, Pascal Boeckx, and Kristof Van Oost
SOIL, 7, 83–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-83-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-83-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We compared stable isotope signatures of soil profiles in different forest ecosystems within the Congo Basin to assess ecosystem-level differences in N cycling, and we examined the local effect of topography on the isotopic signature of soil N. Soil δ15N profiles indicated that the N cycling in in the montane forest is more closed, whereas the lowland forest and Miombo woodland experienced a more open N cycle. Topography only alters soil δ15N values in forests with high erosional forces.
Simon Baumgartner, Matti Barthel, Travis William Drake, Marijn Bauters, Isaac Ahanamungu Makelele, John Kalume Mugula, Laura Summerauer, Nora Gallarotti, Landry Cizungu Ntaboba, Kristof Van Oost, Pascal Boeckx, Sebastian Doetterl, Roland Anton Werner, and Johan Six
Biogeosciences, 17, 6207–6218, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6207-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6207-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soil respiration is an important carbon flux and key process determining the net ecosystem production of terrestrial ecosystems. The Congo Basin lacks studies quantifying carbon fluxes. We measured soil CO2 fluxes from different forest types in the Congo Basin and were able to show that, even though soil CO2 fluxes are similarly high in lowland and montane forests, the drivers were different: soil moisture in montane forests and C availability in the lowland forests.
Long Ho, Ruben Jerves-Cobo, Matti Barthel, Johan Six, Samuel Bode, Pascal Boeckx, and Peter Goethals
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-311, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-311, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers are being polluted by human activities, especially in urban areas. We studied the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from an urban river system. The results showed a clear trend between water quality and GHG emissions in which the more polluted the sites were, the higher were their emissions. When river water quality worsened, its contribution to global warming can go up by 10 times. Urban rivers emitted 4-times more than of the amount of GHGs compared to rivers in natural sites.
Marijn Van de Broek, Shiva Ghiasi, Charlotte Decock, Andreas Hund, Samuel Abiven, Cordula Friedli, Roland A. Werner, and Johan Six
Biogeosciences, 17, 2971–2986, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2971-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2971-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Four wheat cultivars were labeled with 13CO2 to quantify the effect of rooting depth and root biomass on the belowground transfer of organic carbon. We found no clear relation between the time since cultivar development and the amount of carbon inputs to the soil. Therefore, the hypothesis that wheat cultivars with a larger root biomass and deeper roots promote carbon stabilization was rejected. The amount of root biomass that will be stabilized in the soil on the long term is, however, unknown.
Stephen J. Harris, Jesper Liisberg, Longlong Xia, Jing Wei, Kerstin Zeyer, Longfei Yu, Matti Barthel, Benjamin Wolf, Bryce F. J. Kelly, Dioni I. Cendón, Thomas Blunier, Johan Six, and Joachim Mohn
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2797–2831, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2797-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2797-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The latest commercial laser spectrometers have the potential to revolutionize N2O isotope analysis. However, to do so, they must be able to produce trustworthy data. Here, we test the performance of widely used laser spectrometers for ambient air applications and identify instrument-specific dependencies on gas matrix and trace gas concentrations. We then provide a calibration workflow to facilitate the operation of these instruments in order to generate reproducible and accurate data.
Karl Voglmeier, Johan Six, Markus Jocher, and Christof Ammann
Biogeosciences, 16, 1685–1703, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1685-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1685-2019, 2019
Tino Colombi, Florian Walder, Lucie Büchi, Marlies Sommer, Kexing Liu, Johan Six, Marcel G. A. van der Heijden, Raphaël Charles, and Thomas Keller
SOIL, 5, 91–105, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-91-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-91-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The role of soil aeration in carbon sequestration in arable soils has only been explored little, especially at the farm level. The current study, which was conducted on 30 fields that belong to individual farms, reveals a positive relationship between soil gas transport capability and soil organic carbon content. We therefore conclude that soil aeration needs to be accounted for when developing strategies for carbon sequestration in arable soil.
Elizabeth Verhoeven, Matti Barthel, Longfei Yu, Luisella Celi, Daniel Said-Pullicino, Steven Sleutel, Dominika Lewicka-Szczebak, Johan Six, and Charlotte Decock
Biogeosciences, 16, 383–408, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-383-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-383-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study utilized state-of-the-art measurements of nitrogen isotopes to evaluate nitrogen cycling and to assess the biological sources of the potent greenhouse gas, N2O, in response to water-saving practices in rice systems. Water-saving practices did emit more N2O, and high N2O production had a lower 15N isotope signature. Modeling and visual interpretation indicate that these emissions mostly came from denitrification or nitrifier denitrification, controlled upstream by nitrification rates.
Marijn Van de Broek, Stijn Temmerman, Roel Merckx, and Gerard Govers
Biogeosciences, 13, 6611–6624, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6611-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6611-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The results of this study on the organic carbon (OC) stocks of tidal marshes show that variations in OC stocks along estuaries are important and should be taken into account to make accurate estimates of the total amount of OC stored in these ecosystems. Moreover, our results clearly show that most studies underestimate the variation in OC stocks along estuaries due to a shallow sampling depth, neglecting the variation in OC decomposition after burial along estuaries.
R. Hüppi, R. Felber, A. Neftel, J. Six, and J. Leifeld
SOIL, 1, 707–717, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-707-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-707-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Biochar is considered an opportunity to tackle major environmental issues in agriculture. Adding pyrolised organic residues to soil may sequester carbon, increase yields and reduce nitrous oxide emissions from soil. It is unknown, whether the latter is induced by changes in soil pH. We show that biochar application substantially reduces nitrous oxide emissions from a temperate maize cropping system. However, the reduction was only achieved with biochar but not with liming.
C. Decock, J. Lee, M. Necpalova, E. I. P. Pereira, D. M. Tendall, and J. Six
SOIL, 1, 687–694, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-687-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-687-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Further progress in understanding and mitigating N2O emissions from soil lies within transdisciplinary research that reaches across spatial scales and takes an ambitious look into the future.
M. S. Torn, A. Chabbi, P. Crill, P. J. Hanson, I. A. Janssens, Y. Luo, C. H. Pries, C. Rumpel, M. W. I. Schmidt, J. Six, M. Schrumpf, and B. Zhu
SOIL, 1, 575–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-575-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-575-2015, 2015
B. Vanlauwe, K. Descheemaeker, K. E. Giller, J. Huising, R. Merckx, G. Nziguheba, J. Wendt, and S. Zingore
SOIL, 1, 491–508, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-491-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-491-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The "local adaptation" component of integrated soil fertility management operates at field and farm scale. At field scale, the application of implements other than improved germplasm, fertilizer, and organic inputs can enhance the agronomic efficiency (AE) of fertilizer. Examples include the application of lime, secondary and micronutrients, water harvesting, and soil tillage practices. At farm scale, targeting fertilizer within variable farms is shown to significantly affect AE of fertilizer.
B. Wolf, L. Merbold, C. Decock, B. Tuzson, E. Harris, J. Six, L. Emmenegger, and J. Mohn
Biogeosciences, 12, 2517–2531, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2517-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2517-2015, 2015
S. Doetterl, J.-T. Cornelis, J. Six, S. Bodé, S. Opfergelt, P. Boeckx, and K. Van Oost
Biogeosciences, 12, 1357–1371, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1357-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1357-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We link the mineralogy of soils affected by erosion and deposition to the distribution of soil carbon fractions, their turnover and microbial activity. We show that the weathering status of soils and their history are controlling the stabilization of carbon with minerals. After burial, aggregated C is preserved more efficiently while non-aggregated C can be released and younger C re-sequestered more easily. Weathering changes the effectiveness of stabilization mechanism limiting this C sink.
E. C. Brevik, A. Cerdà, J. Mataix-Solera, L. Pereg, J. N. Quinton, J. Six, and K. Van Oost
SOIL, 1, 117–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-117-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-117-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides a brief accounting of some of the many ways that the study of soils can be interdisciplinary, therefore giving examples of the types of papers we hope to see submitted to SOIL.
Related subject area
Soils and managed ecosystems
The impact of agriculture on tropical mountain soils in the western Peruvian Andes: a pedo-geoarchaeological study of terrace agricultural systems in the Laramate region (14.5° S)
Luminescence dating approaches to reconstruct the formation of plaggic anthrosols
High capacity of integrated crop–pasture systems to preserve old soil carbon evaluated in a 60-year-old experiment
Evaluating the Tea Bag Index approach for different management practices in agroecosystems using long-term field experiments in Austria and Sweden
Soil respiration across a variety of tree-covered urban green spaces in Helsinki, Finland
The limited effect of deforestation on stabilized subsoil organic carbon in a subtropical catchment
Mulch application as the overarching factor explaining increase in soil organic carbon stocks under conservation agriculture in two 8-year-old experiments in Zimbabwe
Spatial and temporal variability in soil and vegetation carbon dynamics under experimental drought and soil amendments
The QuantiSlakeTest, measuring soil structural stability by dynamic weighing of undisturbed samples immersed in water
Impact of contrasting fertilizer technologies on N dynamics from subsurface bands of “pure” or blended fertilizer applications
Wetting and drying cycles, organic amendments, and gypsum play a key role in structure formation and stability of sodic Vertisols
Quality assessment of meta-analyses on soil organic carbon
The role of long-term mineral and manure fertilization on P species accumulation and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms in paddy red soils
Soil depth as a driver of microbial and carbon dynamics in a planted forest (Pinus radiata) pumice soil
Transforming living labs into lighthouses: a promising policy to achieve land-related sustainable development
What comes after the Sun? On the integration of soil biogeochemical pre-weathering into microplastic experiments
Transition to conservation agriculture: how tillage intensity and covering affect soil physical parameters
Combining colour parameters and geochemical tracers to improve sediment source discrimination in a mining catchment (New Caledonia, South Pacific Islands)
The effects of sealing on urban soil carbon and nutrients
Application of the governance disruptions framework to German agricultural soil policy
Middle Bronze Age land use practices in the northwestern Alpine foreland – a multi-proxy study of colluvial deposits, archaeological features and peat bogs
Spatial variability in heavy metal concentration in urban pavement joints – a case study
Global concentrations of microplastics in soils – a review
Using constructed soils for green infrastructure – challenges and limitations
Effects of microplastic and microglass particles on soil microbial community structure in an arable soil (Chernozem)
Women's agricultural practices and their effects on soil nutrient content in the Nyalenda urban gardens of Kisumu, Kenya
Effects of golf course management on subsurface soil properties in Iowa
Local soil quality assessment of north-central Namibia: integrating farmers' and technical knowledge
How Alexander von Humboldt's life story can inspire innovative soil research in developing countries
Paleosols can promote root growth of recent vegetation – a case study from the sandy soil–sediment sequence Rakt, the Netherlands
An insight into pre-Columbian raised fields: the case of San Borja, Bolivian lowlands
The impact of ancestral heath management on soils and landscapes: a reconstruction based on paleoecological analyses of soil records in the central and southeastern Netherlands
Soil archives of a Fluvisol: subsurface analysis and soil history of the medieval city centre of Vlaardingen, the Netherlands – an integral approach
Effect of grassland cutting frequency on soil carbon storage – a case study on public lawns in three Swedish cities
Facing policy challenges with inter- and transdisciplinary soil research focused on the UN Sustainable Development Goals
The significance of soils and soil science towards realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
Case studies of soil in art
Effects of fresh and aged chars from pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization on nutrient sorption in agricultural soils
Soil properties and pre-Columbian settlement patterns in the Monumental Mounds Region of the Llanos de Moxos, Bolivian Amazon
An ecosystem approach to assess soil quality in organically and conventionally managed farms in Iceland and Austria
Fernando Leceta, Christoph Binder, Christian Mader, Bertil Mächtle, Erik Marsh, Laura Dietrich, Markus Reindel, Bernhard Eitel, and Julia Meister
SOIL, 10, 727–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-727-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-727-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores pre-Hispanic terrace agriculture in the southern Peruvian Andes, focusing on soil development and agricultural impacts. It examines soil types and properties, as well as agricultural practices, and traces the region's agricultural development over four phases, highlighting the resilience of ancient communities. The abandonment of terraces was not due to soil degradation, emphasizing the sustainability of pre-Hispanic practices and the adaptation to environmental change.
Jungyu Choi, Roy van Beek, Elizabeth L. Chamberlain, Tony Reimann, Harm Smeenge, Annika van Oorschot, and Jakob Wallinga
SOIL, 10, 567–586, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-567-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-567-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research applies luminescence dating methods to a plaggic anthrosol in the eastern Netherlands to understand the formation history of the soil. To achieve this, we combined both quartz and feldspar luminescence dating methods. We developed a new method for feldspar to largely avoid the problem occurring from poorly bleached grains by examining two different signals from a single grain. Through our research, we were able to reconstruct the timing and processes of plaggic anthrosol formation.
Maximiliano González-Sosa, Carlos A. Sierra, J. Andrés Quincke, Walter E. Baethgen, Susan Trumbore, and M. Virginia Pravia
SOIL, 10, 467–486, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-467-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-467-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Based on an approach that involved soil organic carbon (SOC) monitoring, radiocarbon measurement in bulk soil, and incubations from a long-term 60-year experiment, it was concluded that the avoidance of old carbon losses in the integrated crop–pasture systems is the main reason that explains their greater carbon storage capacities compared to continuous cropping. A better understanding of these processes is essential for making agronomic decisions to increase the carbon sequestration capacity.
Maria Regina Gmach, Martin Anders Bolinder, Lorenzo Menichetti, Thomas Kätterer, Heide Spiegel, Olle Åkesson, Jürgen Kurt Friedel, Andreas Surböck, Agnes Schweinzer, and Taru Sandén
SOIL, 10, 407–423, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-407-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-407-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the effect of soil management practices on decomposition at 29 sites (13 in Sweden and 16 in Austria) using long-term field experiments with the Tea Bag Index (TBI) approach. We found that the decomposition rate (k) and stabilization factor (S) were mainly governed by climatic conditions. In general, organic and mineral fertilization increased k and S, and reduced tillage increased S. Edaphic factors also affected k and S.
Esko Karvinen, Leif Backman, Leena Järvi, and Liisa Kulmala
SOIL, 10, 381–406, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured and modelled soil respiration, a key part of the biogenic carbon cycle, in different urban green space types to assess its dynamics in urban areas. We discovered surprisingly similar soil respiration across the green space types despite differences in some of its drivers and that irrigation of green spaces notably elevates soil respiration. Our results encourage further research on the topic and especially on the role of irrigation in controlling urban soil respiration.
Claude Raoul Müller, Johan Six, Liesa Brosens, Philipp Baumann, Jean Paolo Gomes Minella, Gerard Govers, and Marijn Van de Broek
SOIL, 10, 349–365, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-349-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-349-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Subsoils in the tropics are not as extensively studied as those in temperate regions. In this study, the conversion of forest to agriculture in a subtropical region affected the concentration of stabilized organic carbon (OC) down to 90 cm depth, while no significant differences between 90 cm and 300 cm were detected. Our results suggest that subsoils below 90 cm are unlikely to accumulate additional stabilized OC through reforestation over decadal periods due to declining OC input with depth.
Armwell Shumba, Regis Chikowo, Christian Thierfelder, Marc Corbeels, Johan Six, and Rémi Cardinael
SOIL, 10, 151–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-151-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-151-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Conservation agriculture (CA), combining reduced or no tillage, permanent soil cover, and improved rotations, is often promoted as a climate-smart practice. However, our knowledge of the impact of CA on top- and subsoil soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in the low-input cropping systems of sub-Saharan Africa is rather limited. Using two long-term experimental sites with different soil types, we found that mulch could increase top SOC stocks, but no tillage alone had a slightly negative impact.
Daniela Guasconi, Sara Cousins, Stefano Manzoni, Nina Roth, and Gustaf Hugelius
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2673, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2673, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses the effects of experimental drought and of a soil amendment on soil and vegetation carbon pools, at different soil depths. Drought consistently reduced soil moisture and aboveground biomass, while compost increased total soil carbon content and aboveground biomass, and effects were more pronounced in the topsoil. Root biomass was not significantly affected by the treatments. The contrasting response of roots and shoots improves our understanding of ecosystem carbon dynamics.
Frédéric Marie Vanwindekens and Brieuc François Hardy
SOIL, 9, 573–591, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-573-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-573-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Structural stability is critical for sustainable agricultural soil management. We invented a simple test to measure soil structural stability. The QuantiSlakeTest consists of a dynamic weighting of a dried soil sample in water. The test is rapid, does not require expensive equipment and provides a high density of information on soil structural properties. With an open-access programme for data management under development, the test has strong potential for adoption by a large community of users.
Chelsea K. Janke and Michael J. Bell
SOIL, 9, 243–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-243-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-243-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Fertilizer blends of controlled release and stabilized nitrogen (N) demonstrated temporal N dynamics intermediate of unblended fertilizers. Soil characteristics had a significant impact on N dynamics and the efficacy of the differing enhanced efficiency fertilizer mechanisms to minimize potential N losses. Insights can improve N supply predictability, offering opportunities to improve N use efficiency in cropping systems.
Sara Niaz, J. Bernhard Wehr, Ram C. Dalal, Peter M. Kopittke, and Neal W. Menzies
SOIL, 9, 141–154, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-141-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-141-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sodic soils affect ~580 Mha in semi-arid and arid regions of the world. These soils have a weak structure. This laboratory study evaluated treatments to overcome the weak aggregate structure in two sodic Vertisols by applying organic amendments, gypsum, and wetting–drying cycles. We conclude that sodic soils need to be treated with gypsum to flocculate clay and organic amendments (lucerne or chicken manure) to form aggregates, whereas drying cycles aid in small macroaggregates formation.
Julia Fohrafellner, Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Rajasekaran Murugan, and Elena Valkama
SOIL, 9, 117–140, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-117-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-117-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The number of meta-analyses in agriculture and soil sciences is continuously rising, but they are often of poor quality. We quantitatively analyzed the quality of 31 meta-analyses studying the effects of different management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC). We found that only one meta-analysis on no tillage/reduced tillage obtained a high score. New or improved meta-analyses on the effects of organic agriculture, biochar, fertilization, and crop diversification on SOC are urgently needed.
Shuiqing Chen, Jusheng Gao, Huaihai Chen, Zeyuan Zhang, Jing Huang, Lefu Lv, Jinfang Tan, and Xiaoqian Jiang
SOIL, 9, 101–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-101-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-101-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term inorganic P (IP) fertilization increased total P (TP), available P (AP) and IP, but manure fertilization accelerated the accumulation of organic P (OP). Long-term mineral fertilization had a negative impact on bacterial communities, while manure fertilization and rhizosphere soil provided more nutrients that improved the separation of bacterial communities. Correspondingly, P indicators such as IP and TP were related to the variation in a phosphate-solubilizing bacterial community.
Alexa K. Byers, Loretta G. Garrett, Charlotte Armstrong, Fiona Dean, and Steve A. Wakelin
SOIL, 9, 55–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-55-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-55-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Forest soils store large amounts of carbon (C), but research has remained focused on C storage in topsoil layers. We investigated changes in forest soil C storage and microbial ecology to 1 m depth. Though absolute soil C content, microbial diversity and microbial biomass declined sharply with depth, 35 % of total soil C was cumulatively stored in subsoil layers. Our findings highlight the importance of including subsoils when calculating the C storage capacity of forest systems.
Johan Bouma
SOIL, 8, 751–759, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-751-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-751-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In the new
Soil Deal for Europe, land users, mostly farmers, and scientists are required to work jointly in
living labsto develop sustainable land use systems. We propose that threshold values for different ecosystem services in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the EU Green Deal (GD) have to be met to define
lighthousesthat demonstrate successful sustainable land use systems, functioning as inspiring examples. A case study illustrates the important role of soils.
Frederick Büks and Martin Kaupenjohann
SOIL, 8, 373–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-373-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-373-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The adverse effect of microplastic (MP) on soil biota and soil structure depends on MP particle size and surface characteristics. Since weathering plays a major role in the genesis of these, it must be considered in both the analysis of environmental MP and the production of artificial MP for laboratory experiments. This work integrates recent findings on adverse effects and the genesis of its surface characteristics and discusses how to reproduce them to obtain closer-to-nature designer MP.
Felice Sartori, Ilaria Piccoli, Riccardo Polese, and Antonio Berti
SOIL, 8, 213–222, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-213-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-213-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study aimed to evaluate the short-term effects of the transition from conventional to conservation agriculture on soil physical properties, by determining the best soil tillage and covering combination, to exploit the benefits of conservation agriculture from the first conversion years. The results proved that, despite an increase in bulk density and penetration resistance, soil under reduced tillage systems with a cover crop improved its hydraulic properties.
Virginie Sellier, Oldrich Navratil, John Patrick Laceby, Cédric Legout, Anthony Foucher, Michel Allenbach, Irène Lefèvre, and Olivier Evrard
SOIL, 7, 743–766, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-743-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-743-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Open-cast mining increases soil erosion and transfer of sediment in river systems. Providing a methodology to better understand the sediment dynamic of these catchments is essential to manage this pollution. In this study, different tracers such as elemental geochemistry or colour properties were tested to trace and quantify the mining source contributions to the sediment inputs in the Thio River catchment, one of the first areas exploited for nickel mining in New Caledonia (i.e. since 1880).
Roisin O'Riordan, Jess Davies, Carly Stevens, and John N. Quinton
SOIL, 7, 661–675, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-661-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-661-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As urban populations grow, soil sealing with impermeable surfaces will increase. At present there is limited knowledge on the effect of sealing on soil carbon and nutrients. We found that, in general, sealing reduced soil carbon and nutrients; however, where there were additions due to human activity, soil carbon and nutrients were increased. This suggests that there is a legacy soil carbon store in areas with an industrial past and highlights the influence of artefacts in urban soil.
Bartosz Bartkowski, Stephan Bartke, Nina Hagemann, Bernd Hansjürgens, and Christoph Schröter-Schlaack
SOIL, 7, 495–509, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-495-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-495-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use a holistic framework to analyze how agricultural policy in Germany affects the sustainability of soil management. We look at the adequacy of policy targets, objects (i.e. drivers of soil degradation), instruments, assumptions about farmers' behaviour, and the coherence among these four dimensions. We find deficits in each dimension, particularly object and instrument adequacy. Agricultural soil policy in Germany lacks depth and coherence, and the role of biomass demand is neglected.
Sascha Scherer, Benjamin Höpfer, Katleen Deckers, Elske Fischer, Markus Fuchs, Ellen Kandeler, Jutta Lechterbeck, Eva Lehndorff, Johanna Lomax, Sven Marhan, Elena Marinova, Julia Meister, Christian Poll, Humay Rahimova, Manfred Rösch, Kristen Wroth, Julia Zastrow, Thomas Knopf, Thomas Scholten, and Peter Kühn
SOIL, 7, 269–304, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-269-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-269-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper aims to reconstruct Middle Bronze Age (MBA) land use practices in the northwestern Alpine foreland (SW Germany, Hegau). We used a multi-proxy approach including biogeochemical proxies from colluvial deposits in the surroundings of a MBA settlement, on-site archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological data and off-site pollen data. From our data we infer land use practices such as plowing, cereal growth, forest farming and use of fire that marked the beginning of major colluvial deposition.
Collin J. Weber, Alexander Santowski, and Peter Chifflard
SOIL, 7, 15–31, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-15-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-15-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Pavement joints, defined as the joint between paving stones and filled with different materials, in the inner city area of Marburg (Hesse, Germany) show moderate to high pollution with different heavy metals. Enrichment of heavy metals in pavement joints is related to surface run-off accumulation. As the pollution of pavement joints poses direct risks to the environment and humans in urban areas, the inconspicuous joints should be considered in urban water management strategies.
Frederick Büks and Martin Kaupenjohann
SOIL, 6, 649–662, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-649-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-649-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Laboratory experiments that assess microplastic (MP) impact on the terrestrial environment require information on common soil MP concentrations. We reviewed item numbers and mass concentrations recorded in 23 studies, with 223 sampling sites in total with respect to the underlying entry pathways, land uses and vicinities. Common values included amounts of up to 13 000 items kg−1 and 4.5 mg kg−1 dry soil. Based on the collected data, we identified problems in past field studies.
Maha Deeb, Peter M. Groffman, Manuel Blouin, Sara Perl Egendorf, Alan Vergnes, Viacheslav Vasenev, Donna L. Cao, Daniel Walsh, Tatiana Morin, and Geoffroy Séré
SOIL, 6, 413–434, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-413-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-413-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The goal of this study was to discuss current methods to create soils adapted for various green infrastructure (GI) designs. Investigating these new soils for several design categories of GI will provide technical information for management and design agencies. Moreover, these studies can serve as pioneer experiments to prevent recurring errors and, thus, provide improved plant growth practices. Results show that these constructed soils have a high potential to provide multiple soil functions.
Katja Wiedner and Steven Polifka
SOIL, 6, 315–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-315-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-315-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Microplastics and microglass are used in a wide range of everyday and industrial applications acting as abrasives, filler and binding agents, which could enter aquatic and terrestrial environments with unexpected consequences for ecosystems. Our study suggests that different types of microparticles seem to have contrary effects on soil microorganisms, depending on the origin and properties of microparticles. This study should be seen as basis for further research, which is urgently needed.
Nicolette Tamara Regina Johanna Maria Jonkman, Esmee Daniëlle Kooijman, Karsten Kalbitz, Nicky Rosa Maria Pouw, and Boris Jansen
SOIL, 5, 303–313, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-303-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-303-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In the urban gardens of Kisumu we interviewed female farmers to determine the sources and scope of their agricultural knowledge. We assessed the impact of the knowledge by comparing the influence of two types of management on soil nutrients. While one type of management was more effective in terms of preserving soil nutrients, the other management type had socioeconomic benefits. Both environmental and socioeconomic effects have to be considered in agricultural training to increase their impact.
Matthew T. Streeter and Keith E. Schilling
SOIL, 4, 93–100, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-93-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-93-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Iowa golf courses provide an ideal location to evaluate whether golf course management is affecting the quality of soils at depth. Our study evaluated how soil properties relating to soil health and resiliency varied with depth at golf courses across Iowa and interpreted relationships of these properties to current golf course management and inherent soil properties. Systematic variation in soil properties including sand content, NO3, and SOM was observed with depth.
Brice Prudat, Lena Bloemertz, and Nikolaus J. Kuhn
SOIL, 4, 47–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-47-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-47-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Soil degradation is a major threat for farmers of semi-arid north-central Namibia. Having tools to assess soil quality is important to evaluate soil conditions and helps targeting important issues. We developed a soil evaluation toolbox that integrates farmers' field experiences and technical knowledge. The combination of local soil descriptions, field soil texture evaluation and soil colour provides locally meaningful information that reveals soil quality improvement potentials.
Johan Bouma
SOIL, 3, 153–159, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-153-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-153-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Alexander von Humboldt was an inspiring scientist in the early 1800s, traveling widely, making many measurements, and linking different scientific disciplines while keeping an eye open to the needs of society. This is particularly relevant today in our information society, and researchers in developing countries are advised to follow the von Humboldt example when planning their future research.
Martina I. Gocke, Fabian Kessler, Jan M. van Mourik, Boris Jansen, and Guido L. B. Wiesenberg
SOIL, 2, 537–549, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-537-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-537-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Investigation of a Dutch sandy profile demonstrated that buried soils provide beneficial growth conditions for plant roots in terms of nutrients. The intense exploitation of deep parts of the soil profile, including subsoil and soil parent material, by roots of the modern vegetation is often underestimated by traditional approaches. Potential consequences of deep rooting for terrestrial carbon stocks, located to a relevant part in buried soils, remain largely unknown and require further studies.
Leonor Rodrigues, Umberto Lombardo, Mareike Trauerstein, Perrine Huber, Sandra Mohr, and Heinz Veit
SOIL, 2, 367–389, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-367-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-367-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Our study examines pre-Columbian agricultural raised fields in the Bolivian Amazon.
It provides a new interpretation for pre-Columbian management of raised fields.
The results show that differences in field size and height are the result of an adaptation to a site where soil properties vary significantly on a scale of tens to hundreds of meters. The analysis and dating of the raised fields sediments point towards an extensive and rather brief use of the raised fields, for about 100–200 years.
Marieke Doorenbosch and Jan M. van Mourik
SOIL, 2, 311–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-311-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-311-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Soil records provide information about 5 millennia of heath management in cultural landscapes on sandy soils. Deforestations and the introduction of the deep, stable economy in the 18th century resulted in sand drifting and heath degradation. After the introduction of chemical fertilizers more than 90 % of the heaths were transformed into productive arable field or forests. Currently the last heaths are preserved as part of the cultural heritage.
Sjoerd Kluiving, Tim de Ridder, Marcel van Dasselaar, Stan Roozen, and Maarten Prins
SOIL, 2, 271–285, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-271-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-271-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In medieval times the city of Vlaardingen (the Netherlands) was strategically located on the confluence of three rivers, the Maas, the Merwede, and the Vlaarding. Combined research on the history and soil of this city was initiated by an archaeological research question, following Dutch legislation. The start of fluvial system 2 in AD 600 correlates with evidence of the church that was present at least in AD 726/727. Results record the period before and after the flooding in AD 1170.
C. Poeplau, H. Marstorp, K. Thored, and T. Kätterer
SOIL, 2, 175–184, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-175-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-175-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We compared two long-term contrasting systems of urban lawn management (frequently cut utility lawn vs. seldomly cut meadow-like lawn) regarding their effect on soil carbon in three Swedish cities. Biomass production was also measured during 1 year. The utility lawns had a significantly higher biomass production, which resulted in a higher soil carbon storage, since clippings were not removed. Soil carbon sequestration outweighed the higher management-related CO2 emissions of the utility lawns.
Johan Bouma and Luca Montanarella
SOIL, 2, 135–145, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-135-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-135-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The recently accepted UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a major challenge to the research community, including soil science. SDGs require a interdisciplinary research approach that forces every discipline to critically evaluate its core messages. Effective communication with the policy arena requires use of common policy concepts such as policy phases and distinction of drivers, pressures, and responses to change. To accomodate such needs, research practices will have to change.
Saskia D. Keesstra, Johan Bouma, Jakob Wallinga, Pablo Tittonell, Pete Smith, Artemi Cerdà, Luca Montanarella, John N. Quinton, Yakov Pachepsky, Wim H. van der Putten, Richard D. Bardgett, Simon Moolenaar, Gerben Mol, Boris Jansen, and Louise O. Fresco
SOIL, 2, 111–128, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-111-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-111-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Soil science, as a land-related discipline, has links to several of the UN Sustainable Development Goals which are demonstrated through the functions of soils and related ecosystem services. We discuss how soil scientists can rise to the challenge both internally and externally in terms of our relations with colleagues in other disciplines, diverse groups of stakeholders and the policy arena. To meet these goals we recommend the set of steps to be taken by the soil science community as a whole.
C. Feller, E. R. Landa, A. Toland, and G. Wessolek
SOIL, 1, 543–559, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-543-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-543-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Case studies of artworks focused on painting, installation, and film are presented, with the view of encouraging further exploration of art about, in, and with soil, as a contribution to raising soil awareness.
M. Gronwald, A. Don, B. Tiemeyer, and M. Helfrich
SOIL, 1, 475–489, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-475-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-475-2015, 2015
U. Lombardo, S. Denier, and H. Veit
SOIL, 1, 65–81, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-65-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-65-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In the present paper we explore to what degree soil properties might have influenced pre-Columbian settlement patterns in the Monumental Mounds Region (MMR) of the Llanos de Moxos (LM), Bolivian Amazon. This study provides new data on the soil properties of the south-eastern Bolivian Amazon and reinforces the hypothesis that environmental constraints and opportunities exerted an important role on pre-Columbian occupation patterns and the population density reached in the Bolivian Amazon.
J. P. van Leeuwen, T. Lehtinen, G. J. Lair, J. Bloem, L. Hemerik, K. V. Ragnarsdóttir, G. Gísladóttir, J. S. Newton, and P. C. de Ruiter
SOIL, 1, 83–101, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-83-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-83-2015, 2015
Cited articles
Adams, A. M., Gillespie, A. W., Dhillon, G. S., Kar, G., Minielly, C., Koala,
S., Ouattara, B., Kimaro, A. A., Bationo, A., Schoenau, J. J., and Peak, D.:
Long-term effects of integrated soil fertility management practices on soil
chemical properties in the Sahel, Geoderma, 366, 114207,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114207, 2020. a
Anderson, J. M. and Ingram, J. S. I. (Eds.): Tropical Soil Biology and
Fertility: A Handbook of Methods, CAB international, Wallingford,
2nd Edn., https://doi.org/10.2307/2261129, 1993. a
Angst, G., Mueller, K. E., Nierop, K. G. J., and Simpson, M. J.: Plant- or
microbial-derived? A review on the molecular composition of stabilized soil
organic matter, Soil Biol. Biochem., 156, 108189,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108189, 2021. a
Bedoussac, L., Journet, E.-P., Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., Naudin, C., Corre-Hellou,
G., Jensen, E. S., Prieur, L., and Justes, E.: Ecological principles
underlying the increase of productivity achieved by cereal-grain legume
intercrops in organic farming. A review, Agron. Sustain.
Dev., 35, 911–935, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0277-7, 2015. a
Bucka, F. B., Felde, V. J. M. N. L., Peth, S., and Kögel-Knabner, I.:
Disentangling the effects of OM quality and soil texture on microbially
mediated structure formation in artificial model soils, Geoderma, 403,
115213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115213, 2021. a
Cardinael, R., Guibert, H., Kouassi Brédoumy, S. T., Gigou, J., N'Goran,
K. E., and Corbeels, M.: Sustaining maize yields and soil carbon following
land clearing in the forest–savannah transition zone of West Africa:
Results from a 20-year experiment, Field Crop. Res., 275, 108335,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108335, 2022. a, b
Castellano, M. J., Mueller, K. E., Olk, D. C., Sawyer, J. E., and Six, J.:
Integrating plant litter quality, soil organic matter stabilization, and the
carbon saturation concept, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 3200–3209,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12982, 2015. a
Chivenge, P., Vanlauwe, B., Gentile, R., Wangechi, H., Mugendi, D., Kessel,
C. v., and Six, J.: Organic and Mineral Input Management to Enhance
Crop Productivity in Central Kenya, Agron. J., 101,
1266–1275, https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2008.0188x, 2009. a
Conant, R. T., Ryan, M. G., Ågren, G. I., Birge, H. E., Davidson, E. A.,
Eliasson, P. E., Evans, S. E., Frey, S. D., Giardina, C. P., Hopkins, F. M.,
Hyvönen, R., Kirschbaum, M. U. F., Lavallee, J. M., Leifeld, J., Parton,
W. J., Megan Steinweg, J., Wallenstein, M. D., Martin Wetterstedt, J. A., and
Bradford, M. A.: Temperature and soil organic matter decomposition rates –
synthesis of current knowledge and a way forward, Glob. Change Biol., 17,
3392–3404, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02496.x, 2011. a
Corbeels, M., Cardinael, R., Naudin, K., Guibert, H., and Torquebiau, E.: The 4
per 1000 goal and soil carbon storage under agroforestry and conservation
agriculture systems in sub-Saharan Africa, Soil Till. Res.,
188, 16–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.02.015, 2019. a
Cotrufo, M. F., Wallenstein, M. D., Boot, C. M., Denef, K., and Paul, E.: The
Microbial Efficiency-Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework
integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization:
do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter?, Glob. Change
Biol., 19, 988–995, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12113, 2013. a, b, c
Cotrufo, M. F., Lavallee, J. M., Zhang, Y., Hansen, P. M., Paustian, K. H.,
Schipanski, M., and Wallenstein, M. D.: In-N-Out: A hierarchical
framework to understand and predict soil carbon storage and nitrogen
recycling, Glob. Change Biol., 27, 4465–4468, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15782, 2021. a
Davidson, E. A. and Janssens, I. A.: Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon
decomposition and feedbacks to climate change, Nature, 440, 165–173,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04514, 2006. a
de Azevedo, E. B., Savian, J. V., do Amaral, G. A., de David, D. B., Gere,
J. I., Kohmann, M. M., Bremm, C., Jochims, F., Zubieta, A. S., Gonda, H. L.,
Bayer, C., and de Faccio Carvalho, P. C.: Feed intake, methane yield, and
efficiency of utilization of energy and nitrogen by sheep fed tropical
grasses, Trop. Anim. Health Pro., 53, 452,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02928-4, 2021. a
Denef, K. and Six, J.: Contributions of incorporated residue and living roots
to aggregate-associated and microbial carbon in two soils with different clay
mineralogy, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 57, 774–786,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2005.00762.x, 2006. a
Denef, K., Plante, A. F., and Six, J.: Characterization of soil organic matter,
in: Soil Carbon Dynamics: An Integrated Methodology, edited by:
Heinemeyer, A., Bahn, M., and Kutsch, W. L., 91–126, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511711794.007, 2009. a, b
Dickhoefer, U., Ramadhan, M. R., Apenburg, S., Buerkert, A., and Schlecht, E.:
Effects of mild water restriction on nutrient digestion and protein
metabolism in desert-adapted goats, Small Ruminant Res., 204, 106500,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106500, 2021. a
Doetterl, S., Stevens, A., Six, J., Merckx, R., Van Oost, K., Casanova Pinto,
M., Casanova-Katny, A., Muñoz, C., Boudin, M., Zagal Venegas, E., and
Boeckx, P.: Soil carbon storage controlled by interactions between
geochemistry and climate, Nat. Geosci., 8, 780–783,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2516, 2015. a, b
FAO: World reference base for soil resources, no. 84 in World Soil
Resources Report, FAO, Rome, ISBN 92-5-104141-5, 1998. a
FAO: FAOSTAT Online Database, http://www.fao.org/ (last access: 5 August 2021), 2021. a
Frimmel, F. H. and Christman, R. F.: Humic substances and their role in the
environment, edited by: Frimmel, F. H., Bracewell, J. M., and Christman, R. F., John Wiley and Sons Ltd., ISBN 9780471918172, 1988. a
Fujisaki, K., Chevallier, T., Chapuis-Lardy, L., Albrecht, A., Razafimbelo, T.,
Masse, D., Ndour, Y. B., and Chotte, J.-L.: Soil carbon stock changes in
tropical croplands are mainly driven by carbon inputs: A synthesis,
Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 259, 147–158,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.12.008, 2018. a
Galicia, L. and García-Oliva, F.: Litter Quality of Two Remnant Tree
Species Affects Soil Microbial Activity in Tropical Seasonal
Pastures in Western Mexico, Arid Land Res. Manag., 25,
75–86, https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2010.528148, 2011. a
Gentile, R., Vanlauwe, B., van Kessel, C., and Six, J.: Managing N
availability and losses by combining fertilizer-N with different quality
residues in Kenya, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 131, 308–314,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.02.003, 2009. a
Gentile, R., Vanlauwe, B., and Six, J.: Litter quality impacts short- but not
long-term soil carbon dynamics in soil aggregate fractions, Ecol.
Soc. Am., 21, 695–703, https://doi.org/10.1890/09-2325.1, 2011. a
Gram, G., Roobroeck, D., Pypers, P., Six, J., Merckx, R., and Vanlauwe, B.:
Combining organic and mineral fertilizers as a climate-smart integrated soil
fertility management practice in sub-Saharan Africa: A meta-analysis,
PLOS ONE, 15, e0239552, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239552, 2020. a
Guo, L. B. and Gifford, R. M.: Soil carbon stocks and land use change: A meta
analysis, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 345–360,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2002.00486.x, 2002. a
Hao, X., Han, X., Wang, S., and Li, L.-J.: Dynamics and composition of soil
organic carbon in response to 15 years of straw return in a Mollisol, Soil
Till. Res., 215, 105221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.105221, 2022. a
Hassink, J.: The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their
association with clay and silt particles, Plant Soil, 191, 77–87,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004213929699, 1997. a
IUSS Working Group: World reference base for soil resources 2014,
International soil classification system for naming soils and creating
legends for soil maps,
World Soil Resources Reports No. 106, FAO, Rome, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479706394902, 2014. a, b
Jackson, R. B., Lajtha, K., Crow, S. E., Hugelius, G., Kramer, M. G., and
Piñeiro, G.: The Ecology of Soil Carbon: Pools, Vulnerabilities,
and Biotic and Abiotic Controls, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol.
S., 48, 419–445, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054234,
2017. a
Kallenbach, C. M., Frey, S. D., and Grandy, A. S.: Direct evidence for
microbial-derived soil organic matter formation and its ecophysiological
controls, Nat. Commun., 7, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13630, 2016. a, b
Karhu, K., Gärdenäs, A. I., Heikkinen, J., Vanhala, P., Tuomi, M., and Liski,
J.: Impacts of organic amendments on carbon stocks of an agricultural soil
– Comparison of model-simulations to measurements, Geoderma, 189–190,
606–616, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.06.007, 2012. a
Kayani, I. B., Agumas, B., Musyoki, M., Nziguheba, G., Marohn, C., Benz, M.,
Vanlauwe, B., Cadisch, G., and Rasche, F.: Market access and resource
endowment define the soil fertility status of smallholder farming systems of
South-Kivu, DR Congo, Soil Use Manage., 37, 353–366,
https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12691, 2021. a
Keller, A. B., Borer, E. T., Collins, S. L., DeLancey, L. C., Fay, P. A.,
Hofmockel, K. S., Leakey, A. D., Mayes, M. A., Seabloom, E. W., Walter,
C. A., Wang, Y., Zhao, Q., and Hobbie, S. E.: Soil carbon stocks in temperate
grasslands differ strongly across sites but are insensitive to decade-long
fertilization, Glob. Change Biol., 28, 1659–1677,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15988, 2022. a
Kihara, J., Bolo, P., Kinyua, M., Nyawira, S. S., and Sommer, R.: Soil health
and ecosystem services: Lessons from sub-Sahara Africa (SSA),
Geoderma, 370, 114342, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114342, 2020. a
Kong, A. Y. Y., Six, J., Bryant, D. C., Denison, R. F., and van Kessel, C.: The
Relationship between Carbon Input, Aggregation, and Soil Organic
Carbon Stabilization in Sustainable Cropping Systems, Soil Sci.
Soc. Am. J., 69, 1078–1085, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.0215,
2005. a
Kunlanit, B., Vityakon, P., Puttaso, A., Cadisch, G., and Rasche, F.:
Mechanisms controlling soil organic carbon composition pertaining to
microbial decomposition of biochemically contrasting organic residues:
Evidence from midDRIFTS peak area analysis, Soil Biol. Biochem.,
76, 100–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.05.006, 2014. a, b
Ladha, J. K., Reddy, C. K., Padre, A. T., and van Kessel, C.: Role of
Nitrogen Fertilization in Sustaining Organic Matter in Cultivated
Soils, J. Environ. Qual., 40, 1756–1766,
https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0064, 2011. a
Lal, R.: Digging deeper: A holistic perspective of factors affecting soil
organic carbon sequestration in agroecosystems, Glob. Change Biol., 24,
3285–3301, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14054, 2018. a
Laub, M., Schlichenmeier, S., Vityakon, P., and Cadisch, G.: Litter Quality
and Microbes Explain Aggregation Differences in a Tropical Sandy
Soil, J. Soil Sci. Plant Nut., 22, 848–860,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00696-6, 2022. a, b
Laub, M., Corbeels, M., Mathu Ndungu, S., Mucheru-Muna, M. W., Mugendi, D.,
Necpalova, M., Van de Broek, M., Waswa, W., Vanlauwe, B., and Six, J.:
Combining manure with mineral N fertilizer maintains maize yields:
Evidence from four long-term experiments in Kenya, Field Crop. Res.,
291, 108788, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108788, 2023. a, b, c
Lavallee, J. M., Conant, R. T., Paul, E. A., and Cotrufo, M. F.: Incorporation
of shoot versus root-derived 13C and 15N into mineral-associated organic
matter fractions: results of a soil slurry incubation with dual-labelled
plant material, Biogeochemistry, 137, 379–393,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-018-0428-z, 2018. a
Lee, J., Hopmans, J. W., Rolston, D. E., Baer, S. G., and Six, J.: Determining
soil carbon stock changes: Simple bulk density corrections fail,
Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 134, 251–256,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.07.006, 2009. a
Lenth, R. V.: emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means, r package version 1.5.4,
https://github.com/rvlenth/emmeans (last access: 1 June 2023),
2021. a
Li, J., Sang, C., Yang, J., Qu, L., Xia, Z., Sun, H., Jiang, P., Wang, X., He,
H., and Wang, C.: Stoichiometric imbalance and microbial community regulate
microbial elements use efficiencies under nitrogen addition, Soil Biol.
Biochem., 156, 108207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108207,
2021. a
Li, M., Meador, T., Sauheitl, L., Guggenberger, G., and Angst, G.: Substrate
quality effects on stabilized soil carbon reverse with depth, Geoderma, 406,
115511, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115511, 2022. a
Li, X.-F., Wang, Z.-G., Bao, X.-G., Sun, J.-H., Yang, S.-C., Wang, P., Wang,
C.-B., Wu, J.-P., Liu, X.-R., Tian, X.-L., Wang, Y., Li, J.-P., Wang, Y.,
Xia, H.-Y., Mei, P.-P., Wang, X.-F., Zhao, J.-H., Yu, R.-P., Zhang, W.-P.,
Che, Z.-X., Gui, L.-G., Callaway, R. M., Tilman, D., and Li, L.: Long-term
increased grain yield and soil fertility from intercropping, Nat.
Sustain., 4, 943–950, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00767-7, 2021b. a
Mainka, M., Summerauer, L., Wasner, D., Garland, G., Griepentrog, M., Berhe, A. A., and Doetterl, S.: Soil geochemistry as a driver of soil organic matter composition: insights from a soil chronosequence, Biogeosciences, 19, 1675–1689, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1675-2022, 2022. a
Malik, A. A., Puissant, J., Buckeridge, K. M., Goodall, T., Jehmlich, N.,
Chowdhury, S., Gweon, H. S., Peyton, J. M., Mason, K. E., van Agtmaal, M.,
Blaud, A., Clark, I. M., Whitaker, J., Pywell, R. F., Ostle, N., Gleixner,
G., and Griffiths, R. I.: Land use driven change in soil pH affects
microbial carbon cycling processes, Nat. Commun., 9, 3591,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05980-1, 2018. a
Malézieux, E., Crozat, Y., Dupraz, C., Laurans, M., Makowski, D.,
Ozier-Lafontaine, H., Rapidel, B., de Tourdonnet, S., and Valantin-Morison,
M.: Mixing plant species in cropping systems: concepts, tools and models. A
review, Agron. Sustain. Dev., 29, 43–62,
https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2007057, 2009. a
Manzoni, S., Taylor, P., Richter, A., Porporato, A., and Ågren, G. I.:
Environmental and stoichiometric controls on microbial carbon-use efficiency
in soils, New Phytol., 196, 79–91,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04225.x, 2012. a
Manzoni, S., Čapek, P., Porada, P., Thurner, M., Winterdahl, M., Beer, C., Brüchert, V., Frouz, J., Herrmann, A. M., Lindahl, B. D., Lyon, S. W., Šantrůčková, H., Vico, G., and Way, D.: Reviews and syntheses: Carbon use efficiency from organisms to ecosystems – definitions, theories, and empirical evidence, Biogeosciences, 15, 5929–5949, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5929-2018, 2018. a, b
Mtangadura, T. J., Mtambanengwe, F., Nezomba, H., Rurinda, J., and Mapfumo, P.:
Why organic resources and current fertilizer formulations in Southern
Africa cannot sustain maize productivity: Evidence from a long-term
experiment in Zimbabwe, PLOS ONE, 12, e0182840,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182840,
2017. a, b, c
Palm, C. A., Gachengo, C. N., Delve, R. J., Cadisch, G., and Giller, K. E.:
Organic inputs for soil fertility management in tropical agroecosystems:
application of an organic resource database, Agr. Ecosyst.
Environ., 83, 27–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00267-X,
2001a. a, b, c
Palm, C. A., Giller, K. E., Mafongoya, P. L., and Swift, M. J.: Management of
organic matter in the tropics: Translating theory into practice, Nutr.
Cycl. Agroecosys., 61, 63–75, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013318210809,
2001b. a, b
Piepho, H.-P.: An Algorithm for a Letter-Based Representation of
All-Pairwise Comparisons, J. Comput. Graph.
Stat., 13, 456–466, https://doi.org/10.1198/1061860043515, 2004. a
Pingthaisong, W. and Vityakon, P.: Nonadditive Effects on Decomposition of
a Mixture of Rice Straw and Groundnut Stover Applied to a Sandy
Soil, Agronomy, 11, 1030, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061030, 2021. a
Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., and R-core: nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects
Models, r
package version 3.1-152, https://svn.r-project.org/R-packages/trunk/nlme/ (last access: 1 June 2023), 2021. a
Prescott, C. E., Rui, Y., Cotrufo, M. F., and Grayston, S. J.: Managing plant
surplus carbon to generate soil organic matter in regenerative agriculture,
J. Soil Water Conserv., 76, 99A–104A,
https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2021.0920A, 2021. a, b
Pretty, J. and Bharucha, Z. P.: Sustainable intensification in agricultural
systems, Ann. Bot., 114, 1571–1596, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu205, 2014. a
Puttaso, A., Vityakon, P., Rasche, F., Saenjan, P., Treloges, V., and Cadisch,
G.: Does Organic Residue Quality Influence Carbon Retention in a
Tropical Sandy Soil?, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 77,
1001–1001, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2012.0209, 2013. a, b, c
Rasse, D. P., Rumpel, C., and Dignac, M.-F.: Is soil carbon mostly root carbon?
Mechanisms for a specific stabilisation, Plant Soil, 269, 341–356,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-004-0907-y, 2005. a
R Core Team: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R
Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria,
https://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 1 June 2023), 2021. a
Reichenbach, M., Fiener, P., Garland, G., Griepentrog, M., Six, J., and Doetterl, S.: The role of geochemistry in organic carbon stabilization against microbial decomposition in tropical rainforest soils, SOIL, 7, 453–475, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-453-2021, 2021. a
Rufino, M. C., Rowe, E. C., Delve, R. J., and Giller, K. E.: Nitrogen cycling
efficiencies through resource-poor African crop–livestock systems,
Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 112, 261–282,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.08.028, 2006. a
Running, S. W., Nemani, R. R., Heinsch, F. A., Zhao, M., Reeves, M., and
Hashimoto, H.: A Continuous Satellite-Derived Measure of Global
Terrestrial Primary Production, BioScience, 54, 547–560,
https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0547:ACSMOG]2.0.CO;2, 2004. a
Rusinamhodzi, L., Corbeels, M., Zingore, S., Nyamangara, J., and Giller, K. E.:
Pushing the envelope? Maize production intensification and the role of
cattle manure in recovery of degraded soils in smallholder farming areas of
Zimbabwe, Field Crop. Res., 147, 40–53,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.03.014, 2013. a
Ryan, M. G. and Law, B. E.: Interpreting, measuring, and modeling soil
respiration, Biogeochemistry, 73, 3–27, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-5167-7,
2005. a
Sanderman, J., Hengl, T., and Fiske, G. J.: Soil carbon debt of 12,000 years of
human land use, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114,
9575–9580, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706103114, 2017. a
Schweizer, S. A., Mueller, C. W., Höschen, C., Ivanov, P., and Kögel-Knabner,
I.: The role of clay content and mineral surface area for soil organic carbon
storage in an arable toposequence, Biogeochemistry, 156, 401–420,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-021-00850-3, 2021. a
Sileshi, G. W., Nhamo, N., Mafongoya, P. L., and Tanimu, J.: Stoichiometry of
animal manure and implications for nutrient cycling and agriculture in
sub-Saharan Africa, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 107, 91–105,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-016-9817-7, 2017. a
Sileshi, G. W., Jama, B., Vanlauwe, B., Negassa, W., Harawa, R., Kiwia, A., and
Kimani, D.: Nutrient use efficiency and crop yield response to the combined
application of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer in sub-Saharan
Africa, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 113, 181–199,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-019-09974-3, 2019. a, b
Silva, V. B. d., Silva, A. P. d., Dias, B. d. O., Araujo, J. L., Santos, D.,
and Franco, R. P.: Decomposição e liberação de N, P e K de esterco
bovino e de cama de frango isolados ou misturados, Rev. Bras.
Ciênc. Solo, 38, 1537–1546, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832014000500019,
2014. a
Silva-Sánchez, A., Soares, M., and Rousk, J.: Testing the dependence of
microbial growth and carbon use efficiency on nitrogen availability, pH,
and organic matter quality, Soil Biol. Biochem., 134, 25–35,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.03.008, 2019. a
Sinsabaugh, R. L., Manzoni, S., Moorhead, D. L., and Richter, A.: Carbon use
efficiency of microbial communities: stoichiometry, methodology and
modelling, Ecol. Lett., 16, 930–939, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12113, 2013. a, b
Six, J., Feller, C., Denef, K., Ogle, S. M., Sa, J. C. d. M., and Albrecht, A.:
Soil organic matter, biota and aggregation in temperate and tropical soils –
Effects of no-tillage, Agronomie, 22, 755–775, https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2002043, 2002. a, b
Sokol, N. W. and Bradford, M. A.: Microbial formation of stable soil carbon is
more efficient from belowground than aboveground input, Nat. Geosci.,
12, 46–53, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0258-6, 2019. a
Sokol, N. W., Sanderman, J., and Bradford, M. A.: Pathways of
mineral-associated soil organic matter formation: Integrating the role of
plant carbon source, chemistry, and point of entry, Glob. Change Biol.,
25, 12–24, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14482, 2019. a
Solomon, D., Lehmann, J., Kinyangi, J., Amelung, W., Lobe, I., Pell, A., Riha,
S., Ngoze, S., Verchot, L., Mbugua, D., Skjemstad, J., and Schäfer, T.:
Long-term impacts of anthropogenic perturbations on dynamics and speciation
of organic carbon in tropical forest and subtropical grassland ecosystems,
Glob. Change Biol., 13, 511–530, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01304.x,
2007. a
Sommer, R., Paul, B. K., Mukalama, J., and Kihara, J.: Reducing losses but
failing to sequester carbon in soils – the case of Conservation
Agriculture and Integrated Soil Fertility Management in the humid
tropical agro-ecosystem of Western Kenya, Agr. Ecosyst.
Environ., 254, 82–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.11.004, 2018. a, b, c
Srinivasarao, C., Venkateswarlu, B., Lal, R., Singh, A. K., Kundu, S., Vittal,
K. P. R., Ramachandrappa, B. K., and Gajanan, G. N.: Long-term effects of
crop residues and fertility management on carbon sequestration and agronomic
productivity of groundnut–finger millet rotation on an Alfisol in
southern India, Int. J. Agr. Sustain., 10,
230–244, https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2012.662392, 2012. a
Tessema, B., Sommer, R., Piikki, K., Söderström, M., Namirembe, S.,
Notenbaert, A., Tamene, L., Nyawira, S., and Paul, B.: Potential for soil
organic carbon sequestration in grasslands in East African countries: A
review, Grassl. Sci., 66, 135–144, https://doi.org/10.1111/grs.12267, 2020. a
Tittonell, P., Muriuki, A., Klapwijk, C. J., Shepherd, K. D., Coe, R., and
Vanlauwe, B.: Soil Heterogeneity and Soil Fertility Gradients in
Smallholder Farms of the East African Highlands, Soil Sci.
Soc. Am. J., 77, 525–538, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2012.0250,
2013. a
Todd-Brown, K. E. O., Randerson, J. T., Post, W. M., Hoffman, F. M., Tarnocai, C., Schuur, E. A. G., and Allison, S. D.: Causes of variation in soil carbon simulations from CMIP5 Earth system models and comparison with observations, Biogeosciences, 10, 1717–1736, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1717-2013, 2013. a
Van de Broek, M., Ghiasi, S., Decock, C., Hund, A., Abiven, S., Friedli, C., Werner, R. A., and Six, J.: The soil organic carbon stabilization potential of old and new wheat cultivars: a 13CO2-labeling study, Biogeosciences, 17, 2971–2986, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2971-2020, 2020. a
Vanlauwe, B. and Giller, K. E.: Popular myths around soil fertility management
in sub-Saharan Africa, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 116,
34–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.016, 2006. a, b
Vanlauwe, B., Bationo, A., Chianu, J., Giller, K., Merckx, R., Mokwunye, U.,
Ohiokpehai, O., Pypers, P., Tabo, R., Shepherd, K., Smaling, E., Woomer, P.,
and Sanginga, N.: Integrated Soil Fertility Management: Operational
Definition and Consequences for Implementation and Dissemination,
Outlook Agr., 39, 17–24, https://doi.org/10.5367/000000010791169998, 2010. a
Vanlauwe, B., Descheemaeker, K., Giller, K. E., Huising, J., Merckx, R., Nziguheba, G., Wendt, J., and Zingore, S.: Integrated soil fertility management in sub-Saharan Africa: unravelling local adaptation, SOIL, 1, 491–508, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-491-2015, 2015. a, b, c, d
Vanlauwe, B., Six, J., Laub, M., Mathu, S., and Mugendi, D.: ISFM/SOM long-term trials soil data, IITA [data set], https://doi.org/10.25502/wdh5-6c13/d, 2022. a, b
Veloso, M. G., Angers, D. A., Tiecher, T., Giacomini, S., Dieckow, J., and
Bayer, C.: High carbon storage in a previously degraded subtropical soil
under no-tillage with legume cover crops, Agr. Ecosyst.
Environ., 268, 15–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.08.024, 2018. a
Wawire, A. W., Csorba, Á., Tóth, J. A., Michéli, E., Szalai, M., Mutuma, E.,
and Kovács, E.: Soil fertility management among smallholder farmers in
Mount Kenya East region, Heliyon, 7, e06488,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06488, 2021. a
Wei, X., Shao, M., Gale, W., and Li, L.: Global pattern of soil carbon losses
due to the conversion of forests to agricultural land, Sci. Rep.-UK, 4,
4062, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04062, 2014. a
Wendt, J. W. and Hauser, S.: An equivalent soil mass procedure for monitoring
soil organic carbon in multiple soil layers, Eur. J. Soil
Sci., 64, 58–65, https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12002, 2013. a
Wiesmeier, M., Mayer, S., Burmeister, J., Hübner, R., and Kögel-Knabner, I.:
Feasibility of the 4 per 1000 initiative in Bavaria: A reality check of
agricultural soil management and carbon sequestration scenarios, Geoderma,
369, 114333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114333, 2020. a
Woomer, P. and Swift, M. J. (Eds.): The Biological Management of Tropical Soil
Fertility, John Wiley, Chichester, UK, ISBN 978-0-471-95095-0, 1994. a
Xiao, Q., Huang, Y., Wu, L., Tian, Y., Wang, Q., Wang, B., Xu, M., and Zhang,
W.: Long-term manuring increases microbial carbon use efficiency and
mitigates priming effect via alleviated soil acidification and resource
limitation, Biol. Fert. Soils, 57, 925–934, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-021-01583-z,
2021. a
Zech, W., Senesi, N., Guggenberger, G., Kaiser, K., Lehmann, J., Miano, T. M.,
Miltner, A., and Schroth, G.: Factors controlling humification and
mineralization of soil organic matter in the tropics, Geoderma, 79, 117–161,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00040-2, 1997. a
Zha, Y., Wu, X.-P., Gong, F.-F., Xu, M.-G., Zhang, H.-M., Chen, L.-M., Huang,
S.-M., and Cai, D.-X.: Long-term organic and inorganic fertilizations
enhanced basic soil productivity in a fluvo-aquic soil, J.
Integr. Agr., 14, 2477–2489, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(15)61191-1,
2015.
a
Zuur, A., Ieno, E. N., Walker, N., Saveliev, A. A., and Smith, G. M.: Mixed
Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R, Statistics for
Biology and Health, edited by: Gail, M., Krickeberg, K., Samet, J. M.,
Tsiatis, A., and Wong, W., Springer-Verlag, New York,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-87458-6, 2009. a
Short summary
In sub-Saharan Africa, long-term low-input maize cropping threatens soil fertility. We studied how different quality organic inputs combined with mineral N fertilizer could counteract this. Farmyard manure was the best input to counteract soil carbon loss; mineral N fertilizer had no effect on carbon. Yet, the rates needed to offset soil carbon losses are unrealistic for farmers (>10 t of dry matter per hectare and year). Additional agronomic measures may be needed.
In sub-Saharan Africa, long-term low-input maize cropping threatens soil fertility. We studied...
