Articles | Volume 1, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-1-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-1-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Review article
| 
05 Jan 2015
Review article |
| 05 Jan 2015
Carbon nanomaterials in clean and contaminated soils: environmental implications and applications
M. J. Riding
Lancaster University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
F. L. Martin
Lancaster University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
K. C. Jones
Lancaster University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
K. T. Semple
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Lancaster University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
Related subject area
Soil pollution and remediation
Long-term legacy of phytoremediation on plant succession and soil microbial communities in petroleum-contaminated sub-Arctic soils
Investigating the synergistic potential of Si and biochar to immobilize Ni in a Ni-contaminated calcareous soil after Zea mays L. cultivation
Estimations of soil metal accumulation or leaching potentials under climate change scenarios: the example of copper on a European scale
Model-based analysis of erosion-induced microplastic delivery from arable land to the stream network of a mesoscale catchment
Increase in bacterial community induced tolerance to Cr in response to soil properties and Cr level in the soil
Organic and inorganic nitrogen amendments reduce biodegradation of biodegradable plastic mulch films
Research and management challenges following soil and landscape decontamination at the onset of the reopening of the Difficult-to-Return Zone, Fukushima (Japan)
Impact of agricultural management on soil aggregates and associated organic carbon fractions: analysis of long-term experiments in Europe
Miniaturised visible and near-infrared spectrometers for assessing soil health indicators in mine site rehabilitation
The application of biochar and oyster shell reduced cadmium uptake by crops and modified soil fertility and enzyme activities in contaminated soil
Reusing Fe water treatment residual as a soil amendment to improve physical function and flood resilience
Are agricultural plastic covers a source of plastic debris in soil? A first screening study
Mapping soil slaking index and assessing the impact of management in a mixed agricultural landscape
Assessing soil salinity dynamics using time-lapse electromagnetic conductivity imaging
Effectiveness of landscape decontamination following the Fukushima nuclear accident: a review
Evaluating the carbon sequestration potential of volcanic soils in southern Iceland after birch afforestation
Citrate and malonate increase microbial activity and alter microbial community composition in uncontaminated and diesel-contaminated soil microcosms
Development of a statistical tool for the estimation of riverbank erosion probability
Sediment loss and its cause in Puerto Rico watersheds
Mary-Cathrine Leewis, Christopher Kasanke, Ondrej Uhlik, and Mary Beth Leigh
SOIL, 10, 551–566, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-551-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-551-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 1995, an initial study determined that using plants and fertilizers increased degradation of petroleum in soil; the site was then abandoned. In 2010, we returned to find that initial choices of plant and fertilizer use continued to cause changes in the plant and soil microbiomes. We also found evidence for the restoration of native vegetation with certain treatments, which indicates that this could be an important tool for communities that experience soil contamination.
Hamid Reza Boostani, Ailsa G. Hardie, Mahdi Najafi-Ghiri, Ehsan Bijanzadeh, Dariush Khalili, and Esmaeil Farrokhnejad
SOIL, 10, 487–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-487-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-487-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, the combined SM500 + S2 treatment was the most effective with respect to reducing the Ni water-soluble and exchangeable fraction. Application of Si and biochars decreased the soil Ni diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and corn Ni shoot content. The study shows the synergistic potential of Si and sheep manure biochars for immobilizing soil Ni.
Laura Sereni, Julie-Maï Paris, Isabelle Lamy, and Bertrand Guenet
SOIL, 10, 367–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-367-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-367-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate the tendencies of copper (Cu) export in freshwater or accumulation in soils in Europe for the 21st century and highlight areas of importance for environmental monitoring. We develop a method combining computations of Cu partitioning coefficients between solid and solution phases with runoff data. The surfaces with potential for export or accumulation are roughly constant over the century, but the accumulation potential of Cu increases while leaching potential decreases for 2000–2095.
Raphael Rehm and Peter Fiener
SOIL, 10, 211–230, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-211-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-211-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A carbon transport model was adjusted to study the importance of water and tillage erosion processes for particular microplastic (MP) transport across a mesoscale landscape. The MP mass delivered into the stream network represented a serious amount of MP input in the same range as potential MP inputs from wastewater treatment plants. In addition, most of the MP applied to arable soils remains in the topsoil (0–20 cm) for decades. The MP sink function of soil results in a long-term MP source.
Claudia Campillo-Cora, Daniel Arenas-Lago, Manuel Arias-Estévez, and David Fernández-Calviño
SOIL, 9, 561–571, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-561-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-561-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cr pollution is a global concern. The use of methodologies specifically related to Cr toxicity is appropriate, such as the pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) methodology. The development of PICT was determined in 10 soils after Cr addition in the laboratory. The Cr-soluble fraction and dissolved organic carbon were the main variables determining the development of PICT (R2 = 95.6 %).
Sreejata Bandopadhyay, Marie English, Marife B. Anunciado, Mallari Starrett, Jialin Hu, José E. Liquet y González, Douglas G. Hayes, Sean M. Schaeffer, and Jennifer M. DeBruyn
SOIL, 9, 499–516, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-499-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-499-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We added organic and inorganic nitrogen amendments to two soil types in a laboratory incubation study in order to understand how that would impact biodegradable plastic mulch (BDM) decomposition. We found that nitrogen amendments, particularly urea and inorganic nitrogen, suppressed BDM degradation in both soil types. However, we found limited impact of BDM addition on soil nitrification, suggesting that overall microbial processes were not compromised due to the addition of BDMs.
Olivier Evrard, Thomas Chalaux-Clergue, Pierre-Alexis Chaboche, Yoshifumi Wakiyama, and Yves Thiry
SOIL, 9, 479–497, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-479-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-479-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Twelve years after the nuclear accident that occurred in Fukushima in March 2011, radioactive contamination remains a major concern in north-eastern Japan. The Japanese authorities completed an unprecedented decontamination programme. The central objective was to not expose local inhabitants to excessive radioactive doses. At the onset of the full reopening of the Difficult-to-Return Zone in 2023, the current review provides an update of a previous synthesis published in 2019.
Ioanna S. Panagea, Antonios Apostolakis, Antonio Berti, Jenny Bussell, Pavel Čermak, Jan Diels, Annemie Elsen, Helena Kusá, Ilaria Piccoli, Jean Poesen, Chris Stoate, Mia Tits, Zoltan Toth, and Guido Wyseure
SOIL, 8, 621–644, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-621-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-621-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The potential to reverse the negative effects caused in topsoil by inversion tillage, using alternative agricultural practices, was evaluated. Reduced and no tillage, and additions of manure/compost, improved topsoil structure and OC content. Residue retention had a positive impact on structure. We concluded that the negative effects of inversion tillage can be mitigated by reducing tillage intensity or adding organic materials, optimally combined with non-inversion tillage.
Zefang Shen, Haylee D'Agui, Lewis Walden, Mingxi Zhang, Tsoek Man Yiu, Kingsley Dixon, Paul Nevill, Adam Cross, Mohana Matangulu, Yang Hu, and Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel
SOIL, 8, 467–486, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-467-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-467-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We compared miniaturised visible and near-infrared spectrometers to a portable visible–near-infrared instrument, which is more expensive. Statistical and machine learning algorithms were used to model 29 key soil health indicators. Accuracy of the miniaturised spectrometers was comparable to the portable system. Soil spectroscopy with these tiny sensors is cost-effective and could diagnose soil health, help monitor soil rehabilitation, and deliver positive environmental and economic outcomes.
Bin Wu, Jia Li, Mingping Sheng, He Peng, Dinghua Peng, and Heng Xu
SOIL, 8, 409–419, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-409-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-409-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil has severely threatened human health. In this study, we investigated the possibility of applying oyster shell and biochar to reduce Cd uptake by crops and improve soil fertility and enzyme activities in field experiments under rice–oilseed rape rotation, which provided an economical and effective pathway to achieving an in situ remediation of the Cd-contaminated farmland.
Heather C. Kerr, Karen L. Johnson, and David G. Toll
SOIL, 8, 283–295, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-283-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-283-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Adding an organo-mineral waste product from clean water treatment (WTR) is beneficial for a soil’s water retention, permeability, and strength properties. WTR added on its own significantly improves the shear strength and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil. The co-application of WTR with compost provides the same benefits whilst also improving soil’s water retention properties, which is beneficial for environmental applications where the soil health is critical.
Zacharias Steinmetz, Paul Löffler, Silvia Eichhöfer, Jan David, Katherine Muñoz, and Gabriele E. Schaumann
SOIL, 8, 31–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-31-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-31-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To scrutinize the contribution of agricultural plastic covers to plastic pollution, we quantified soil-associated plastic debris (≤ 2 mm) in and around agricultural fields covered with different plastics. PP fleeces and 50 µm thick PE films did not emit significant amounts of plastic debris into soil during their 4-month use. However, thinner and perforated PE foils (40 µm) were associated with elevated PE contents of up to 35 mg kg−1. Their long-term use may thus favor plastic accumulation.
Edward J. Jones, Patrick Filippi, Rémi Wittig, Mario Fajardo, Vanessa Pino, and Alex B. McBratney
SOIL, 7, 33–46, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-33-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-33-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil physical health is integral to maintaining functional agro-ecosystems. A novel method of assessing soil physical condition using a smartphone app has been developed – SLAKES. In this study the SLAKES app was used to investigate aggregate stability in a mixed agricultural landscape. Cropping areas were found to have significantly poorer physical health than similar soils under pasture. Results were mapped across the landscape to identify problem areas and pinpoint remediation efforts.
Maria Catarina Paz, Mohammad Farzamian, Ana Marta Paz, Nádia Luísa Castanheira, Maria Conceição Gonçalves, and Fernando Monteiro Santos
SOIL, 6, 499–511, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-499-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-499-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study electromagnetic induction (EMI) surveys and soil sampling were repeated over time to monitor soil salinity dynamics in an important agricultural area that faces risk of soil salinization. EMI data were converted to electromagnetic conductivity imaging through a mathematical inversion algorithm and converted to 2-D soil salinity maps until a depth of 1.35 m through a regional calibration. This is a non-invasive and cost-effective methodology that can be employed over large areas.
Olivier Evrard, J. Patrick Laceby, and Atsushi Nakao
SOIL, 5, 333–350, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-333-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-333-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident in March 2011 resulted in the contamination of Japanese landscapes with radioactive fallout. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the decontamination strategies and their potential effectiveness in Japan. Overall, we believe it is important to synthesise the remediation lessons learnt following the FDNPP nuclear accident, which could be fundamental if radioactive fallout occurred somewhere on Earth in the future.
Matthias Hunziker, Olafur Arnalds, and Nikolaus J. Kuhn
SOIL, 5, 223–238, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-223-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-223-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Afforestation on severely degraded volcanic soils/landscapes is an important process concerning ecological restoration in Iceland. These landscapes have a high potential to act as carbon sinks. We tested the soil (0–30 cm) of different stages of afforested (mountain birch) landscapes and analysed the quantity and quality of the soil organic carbon. There is an increase in the total SOC stock during the encroachment. The increase is mostly because of POM SOC. Such soils demand SOC quality tests.
Belinda C. Martin, Suman J. George, Charles A. Price, Esmaeil Shahsavari, Andrew S. Ball, Mark Tibbett, and Megan H. Ryan
SOIL, 2, 487–498, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-487-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-487-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this paper was to determine the impact of citrate and malonate on microbial activity and community structure in uncontaminated and diesel-contaminated soil. The results suggest that these carboxylates can stimulate microbial activity and alter microbial community structure but appear to have a minimal effect on enhancing degradation of diesel. However, our results suggest that carboxylates may have an important role in shaping microbial communities even in contaminated soils.
E. A. Varouchakis, G. V. Giannakis, M. A. Lilli, E. Ioannidou, N. P. Nikolaidis, and G. P. Karatzas
SOIL, 2, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-1-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-1-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A statistical methodology is proposed to predict the probability of presence or absence of erosion in a river section considering locally spatial correlated independent variables.
The proposed tool is easy to use and accurate and can be applied to any region and river. It requires information from easy-to-determine geomorphological and/or hydrological variables to provide the vulnerable locations. This tool could be used to assist in managing erosion and flooding events.
Y. Yuan, Y. Jiang, E. V. Taguas, E. G. Mbonimpa, and W. Hu
SOIL, 1, 595–602, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-595-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-595-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A major environmental concern in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is increased sediment load to water reservoirs, to estuaries, and finally to coral reef areas. Our research found that sediment loss was mainly caused by interactions of development, heavy rainfall events, and steep mountainous slopes. These results improve our understanding of sediment loss resulting from changes in land use/cover, and will allow stakeholders to make more informed decisions about future land use planning.
Cited articles
Abu-Salah, K., Shelef, G., Levanon, D., Armon, R., and Dosoretz, C. G.: Microbial degradation of aromatic and polyaromatic toxic compounds adsorbed on powdered activated carbon, J. Biotechnol., 51, 265–272, 1996.
Agnihotri, S., Mota, J. P. B., Rostam-Abadi, M., and Rood, M. J.: Structural characterization of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles by experiment and molecular simulation, Langmuir, 21, 896–904, 2005.
Allen, B. L., Kichambare, P. D., Gou, P., Vlasova, I. I., Kapralov, A. A., Konduru, N., Kagan, V. E., and Star, A.: Biodegradation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes through Enzymatic Catalysis, Nano Letters, 8, 3899–3903, 2008.
Allen, B. L., Kotchey, G. P., Chen, Y., Yanamala, N. V. K., Klein-Seetharaman, J., Kagan, V. E., and Star, A.: Mechanistic Investigations of Horseradish Peroxidase-Catalyzed Degradation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 17194–17205, 2009.
Almecija, D., Blond, D., Sader, J. E., Coleman, J. N., and Boland, J. J.: Mechanical properties of individual electrospun polymer-nanotube composite nanofibers, Carbon, 47, 2253–2258, 2009.
Aruguete, D. M. and Hochella, M. F.: Bacteria–nanoparticle interactions and their environmental implications, Environ, Chem., 7, 3–9, 2010.
Barriuso, E., Benoit, P., and Dubus, I. G.: Formation of pesticide nonextractable (bound) residues in soil: Magnitude, controlling factors and reversibility, Environ. Sci. Technol, 42, 1845–1854, 2008.
Bold, S., Kraft, S., Grathwohl, P., and Liedl, R.: Sorption/desorption kinetics of contaminants on mobile particles: Modeling and experimental evidence, Water Resour. Res., 39, 1329, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001798, 2003.
Campbell, E. E. B. and Rohmund, F.: Fullerene reactions. Rep. Prog. Phys., 63, 1061, https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/63/7/202, 2000.
Carter, M. C. and Weber, W. J.: Modeling Adsorption of TCE by Activated Carbon Preloaded by Background Organic Matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 614–623, 1994.
Cebulska-Wasilewska, A., Paw\l yk, I., Panek, A., Wiecheć, A., Kalina, I., Popov, T., Georgieva, T. and Farmer, P. B.: Exposure to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Influences on cellular susceptibility to DNA damage (sampling Košice and Sofia), Mutation Res., 620, 145–154, 2007.
Chae, S.-R., Xiao, Y., Lin, S., Noeiaghaei, T., Kim, J.-O., and Wiesner, M. R.: Effects of humic acid and electrolytes on photocatalytic reactivity and transport of carbon nanoparticle aggregates in water, Water Res., 46, 4053–4062, 2012.
Chappell, M. A., George, A. J., Dontsova, K. M., Porter, B. E., Price, C. L., Zhou, P., Morikawa, E., Kennedy, A. J., and Steevens, J. A.: Surfactive stabilization of multi-walled carbon nanotube dispersions with dissolved humic substances, Environ. Pollut., 157, 1081–1087, 2009.
Chen, J., Chen, W., and Zhu, D.: Adsorption of Nonionic Aromatic Compounds to Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Effects of Aqueous Solution Chemistry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7225–7230, 2008.
Chen, K. L. and Elimelech, M.: Interaction of Fullerene (C60) Nanoparticles with Humic Acid and Alginate Coated Silica Surfaces: Measurements, Mechanisms, and Environmental Implications, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7607–7614, 2008.
Chen, K. L. and Elimelech, M.: Relating Colloidal Stability of Fullerene (C60) Nanoparticles to Nanoparticle Charge and Electrokinetic Properties, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 7270–7276, 2009.
Chen, W., Duan, L., and Zhu, D.: Adsorption of Polar and Nonpolar Organic Chemicals to Carbon Nanotubes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 8295–8300, 2007.
Chen, Z., Yadghar, A. M., Zhao, L., and Mi, Z.: A review of environmental effects and management of nanomaterials, Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 93, 1227–1250, 2011.
Cheng, G., Zhang, Z., Chen, S., Bryers, J. D., and Jiang, S.: Inhibition of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on zwitterionic surfaces, Biomaterials, 28, 4192–4199, 2007.
Cheng, X., Kan, A. T., and Tomson, M. B.: Uptake and Sequestration of Naphthalene and 1,2-Dichlorobenzene by C60, J. Nanoparticle Res., 7, 555–567, 2005.
Chibowski, E., Espinosa-Jiménez, M., Ontiveros-Ortega, A., and Giménez-Martin, E.: Surface Free Energy, Adsorption and Zeta Potential in Leacril/Tannic Acid System, Langmuir, 14, 5237–5244, 1998.
Chijiwa, T., Arai, T., Sugai, T., Shinohara, H., Kumazawa, M., Takano, M., Kawakami, S., and Kawakami, S.: Fullerenes found in the Permo-Triassic mass extinction period, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 767–770, 1999.
Choi, H. and Yavuz Corapcioglu, M.: Transport of a non-volatile contaminant in unsaturated porous media in the presence of colloids, J. Contaminant Hydrol., 25, 299–324, 1997.
Chung, H., Son, Y., Yoon, T. K., Kim, S., and Kim, W.: The effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on soil microbial activity, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety, 74, 569–575, 2011.
Colvin, V. L.: The potential environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials, Nature Biotechnol., 21, 1166–1170, 2003.
Corapcioglu, M. Y., Jiang, S., and Kim, S.-H.: Comparison of Kinetic and Hybrid-Equilibrium Models Simulating Colloid-Facilitated Contaminant Transport in Porous Media, Transport in Porous Media, 36, 373–390, 1999.
Cornelissen, G., Van Noort, P. C. M., and Govers, H. A. J.: Desorption kinetics of chlorobenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls: Sediment extraction with Tenax\textregistered and effects of contact time and solute hydrophobicity, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16, 1351–1357, 1997.
Cui, X. Y., Jia, F., Chen, Y. X. and Gan, J.: Influence of single-walled carbon nanotubes on microbial availability of phenanthrene in sediment, Ecotoxicology, 20, 1277–1285, 2011.
Darlington, T. K., Neigh, A. M., Spencer, M. T., Guyen, O. T. N., and Oldenburg, S. J.: Nanoparticle characteristics affecting environmental fate and transport through soil, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 28, 1191–1199, 2009.
Debnath, S., Cheng, Q., Hedderman, T. G., and Byrne, H. J.: An experimental study of the interaction between single walled carbon nanotubes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Physica Stat. Sol. (B), 245, 1961–1963, 2008.
De Jonge, L. W., Kjaergaard, C., and Moldrup, P.: Colloids and Colloid-Facilitated Transport of Contaminants in Soils: An Introduction, Vadose Zone J., 3, 321–325, 2004.
Dinesh, R., Anandaraj, M., Srinivasan, V., and Hamza, S.: Engineered nanoparticles in the soil and their potential implications to microbial activity, Geoderma, 173–174, 19–27, 2012.
Doick, K. J., Dew, N. M., and Semple, K. T.: Linking Catabolism to Cyclodextrin Extractability:? Determination of the Microbial Availability of PAHs in Soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8858–8864, 2005.
Doudrick, K., Herckes, P., and Westerhoff, P.: Detection of Carbon Nanotubes in Environmental Matrices Using Programmed Thermal Analysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 12246–12253, 2012.
Ekelund, F., Olsson, S., and Johansen, A.: Changes in the succession and diversity of protozoan and microbial populations in soil spiked with a range of copper concentrations, Soil Biol. Biochem., 35, 1507–1516, 2003.
Espinasse, B., Hotze, E. M., and Wiesner, M. R.: Transport and Retention of Colloidal Aggregates of C60 in Porous Media: Effects of Organic Macromolecules, Ionic Composition, and Preparation Method, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 7396–7402, 2007.
Esquivel, E. V. and Murr, L. E.: A TEM analysis of nanoparticulates in a Polar ice core, Materials Characterization, 52, 15–25, 2004.
Finkel, M., Liedl, R., and Teutsch, G.: Modelling surfactant-enhanced remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Environ. Model. Softw., 14, 203–211, 1998.
Gai, K., Shi, B., Yan, X., and Wang, D.: Effect of Dispersion on Adsorption of Atrazine by Aqueous Suspensions of Fullerenes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 5959–5965, 2011.
Gevao, B., Mordaunt, C., Semple, K. T., Piearce, T. G., and Jones, K. C.: Bioavailability of Nonextractable (Bound) Pesticide Residues to Earthworms, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 501–507, 2000a.
Gevao, B., Semple, K. T., and Jones, K. C.: Bound pesticide residues in soils: a review, Environ. Pollut., 108, 3–14, 2000b.
Giles, J.: Top five in physics, Nature, 441, p. 265, 2006.
Gottschalk, F., Sonderer, T., Scholz, R. W., and Nowack, B.: Modeled Environmental Concentrations of Engineered Nanomaterials (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, CNT, Fullerenes) for Different Regions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 9216–9222, 2009.
Gottschalk, F., Sonderer, T., Scholz, R. W., and Nowack, B.: Possibilities and limitations of modeling environmental exposure to engineered nanomaterials by probabilistic material flow analysis, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 29, 1036–1048, 2010.
Han, Z., Zhang, F., Lin, D., and Xing, B.: Clay Minerals Affect the Stability of Surfactant- Facilitated Carbon Nanotube Suspensions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 6869–6875, 2008.
Heymann, D., Chibante, L. P., Brooks, R. R., Wolbach, W. S., and Smalley, R. E.: Fullerenes in the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary-Layer, Science, 265, 645–647, 1994.
Hofmann, T. and Von Der Kammer, F.: Estimating the relevance of engineered carbonaceous nanoparticle facilitated transport of hydrophobic organic contaminants in porous media, Environ. Pollut., 157, 1117–1126, 2009.
Holden, P. A., Klaessig, F., Turco, R. F., Priester, J. H., Rico, C. M., Avila-Arias, H., Mortimer, M., Pacpaco, K., and Gardea-Torresdey, J. L.: Evaluation of Exposure Concentrations Used in Assessing Manufactured Nanomaterial Environmental Hazards: Are They Relevant?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 10541–10551, https://doi.org/10.1021/es502440s, 2014.
Hou, W.-C. and Jafvert, C. T.: Photochemical Transformation of Aqueous C60 Clusters in Sunlight, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 362–367, 2008.
Hou, W.-C. and Jafvert, C. T.: Photochemistry of Aqueous C60 Clusters: Evidence of 1O2 Formation and its Role in Mediating C60 Phototransformation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 5257–5262, 2009.
Hu, H., Yu, A., Kim, E., Zhao, B., Itkis, M. E., Bekyarova, E., and Haddon, R. C.: Influence of the Zeta Potential on the Dispersability and Purification of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 11520–11524, 2005.
Hyung, H. and Kim, J.-H.: Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Adsorption to Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Effect of NOM Characteristics and Water Quality Parameters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4416–4421, 2008.
Hyung, H., Fortner, J. D., Hughes, J. B., and Kim, J.-H.: Natural Organic Matter Stabilizes Carbon Nanotubes in the Aqueous Phase, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 179–184, 2006.
Ibaraki, M. and Sudicky, E. A.: Colloid-facilitated contaminant transport in discretely fractured porous media: 1. Numerical formulation and sensitivity analysis, Water Resour. Res., 31, 2945–2960, 1995.
Isaacson, C., Zhang, W., Powell, T., Ma, X., and Bouchard, D.: Temporal Changes in Aqu/C60 Physical–Chemical, Deposition, and Transport Characteristics in Aqueous Systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 5170–5177, 2011.
Jafar, G. and Hamzeh, G.: Ecotoxicity of Nanomaterials in Soil, Ann. Biol. Res., 4, 86–92, 2013.
Jaisi, D. P. and Elimelech, M.: Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Exhibit Limited Transport in Soil Columns, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 9161–9166, 2009.
Jennings, A. A. and Kirkner, D. J.: Instantaneous Equilibrium Approximation Analysis, J. Hydraul. Eng., 110, 1700–1717, 1984.
Johansen, A., Pedersen, A. L., Jensen, K. A., Karlson, U., Hansen, B. M., Scott-Fordsmand, J. J., and Winding, A.: Effects of C60 fullerene nanoparticles on soil bacteria and protozoans, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 27, 1895–1903, 2008.
Kan, A. T. and Tomson, M. B.: Ground water transport of hydrophobic organic compounds in the presence of dissolved organic matter, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 9, 253–263, 1990.
Kanepalli, S. and Donna, F. E.: Enhancing the remediation of trichloroethene (TCE) using double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNT), United States Geological Survey, 2006.
Kang, S., Pinault, M., Pfefferle, L. D., and Elimelech, M.: Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Exhibit Strong Antimicrobial Activity, Langmuir, 23, 8670–8673, 2007.
Köhler, A. R., Som, C., Helland, A., and Gottschalk, F.: Studying the potential release of carbon nanotubes throughout the application life cycle, J. Cleaner Product., 16, 927–937, 2008.
Kretzschmar, R., Borkovec, M., Grolimund, D., and Elimelech, M.: Mobile Subsurface Colloids and Their Role in Contaminant Transport, in: Advances in Agronomy, edited by: Donald, L. S., Academic Press, 1999.
Kuznar, Z. A. and Elimelech, M.: Adhesion Kinetics of Viable Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts to Quartz Surfaces, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 6839–6845, 2004.
Kwon, J.-H.: Destabilization of aqueous colloidal C60 nanoparticles in the presence of various organic matter, CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water, 40, 472–478, 2012.
Lead, J. R. and Wilkinson, K. J.: Aquatic colloids and nanoparticles: Current knowledge and future trends, Environ. Chem., 3, 159–171, 2006.
Lee, J., Cho, M., Fortner, J. D., Hughes, J. B., and Kim, J.-H.: Transformation of Aggregated C60 in the Aqueous Phase by UV Irradiation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4878–4883, 2009.
Lee, M. C., Snoeyink, V. L., and Crittenden, J. C.: Activated carbon adsorption of humic substances, American Water Works Association, 73, 440–446, 1981.
Lerman, I., Chen, Y., and Chefetz, B.: Adsorption of Contaminants of Emerging Concern by Carbon Nanotubes: Influence of Dissolved Organic Matter, in: Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment, edited by: Xu, J., Wu, J. and He, Y., Springer Netherlands, 2013.
Li, D., Lyon, D. Y., Li, Q., and Alvarez, P. J. J.: Effect of soil sorption and aquatic natural organic matter on the antibacterial activity of a fullerene water suspension, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 27, 1888–1894, 2008.
Li, Q., Xie, B., Hwang, Y. S., and Xu, Y.: Kinetics of C60 Fullerene Dispersion in Water Enhanced by Natural Organic Matter and Sunlight, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 3574–3579, 2009.
Li, S.: A study of environmental fate and application of commercially available carbon nanotubes, Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, Texas Tech University, 2012.
Li, W., Zhu, X., He, Y., Xing, B., Xu, J., and Brookes, P. C.: Enhancement of water solubility and mobility of phenanthrene by natural soil nanoparticles, Environ. Pollut., 176, 228–233, 2013.
Li, W. J. and Liang, W. J.: Loss of characteristic absorption bands of C60 conjugation systems in the addition with aliphatic amines, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 67, 1346–1350, 2007.
Lin, D. and Xing, B.: Tannic Acid Adsorption and Its Role for Stabilizing Carbon Nanotube Suspensions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 5917–5923, 2008.
Liu, C., Fan, Y. Y., Liu, M., Cong, H. T., Cheng, H. M., and Dresselhaus, M. S.: Hydrogen Storage in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes at Room Temperature, Science, 286, 1127–1129, 1999.
Lou, L., Luo, L., Wang, W., Xu, X., Hou, J., Xun, B., and Chen, Y.: Impact of black carbon originated from fly ash and soot on the toxicity of pentachlorophenol in sediment, J. Hazardous Materials, 190, 474–479, 2011.
Lubick, N.: Risks of Nanotechnology Remain Uncertain, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 1821–1824, 2008.
Lucafò, M., Pacor, S., Fabbro, C., Da Ros, T., Zorzet, S., Prato, M., and Sava, G.: Study of a potential drug delivery system based on carbon nanoparticles: effects of fullerene derivatives in MCF7 mammary carcinoma cells, J. Nanoparticle Res., 14, 1–13, 2012.
Mauter, M. S. and Elimelech, M.: Environmental Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 5843–5859, 2008.
Mehmannavaz, R., Prasher, S. O., and Ahmad, D.: Cell surface properties of rhizobial strains isolated from soils contaminated with hydrocarbons: hydrophobicity and adhesion to sandy soil, Process Biochem., 36, 683–688, 2001.
Menzie, C. A., Potocki, B. B., and Santodonato, J.: Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs in the environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 1278–1284, 1992.
Mohanty, B., Anita, K. V., Claesson, P., and Bohidar, H. B.: Physical and anti-microbial characteristics of carbon nanoparticles prepared from lamp soot, Nanotechnology, 18, 445102, https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/18/44/445102, 2007.
Morikawa, M.: Beneficial biofilm formation by industrial bacteria Bacillus subtilis and related species, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 101, 1–8, 2006.
Mueller, N. C. and Nowack, B.: Exposure Modeling of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4447–4453, 2008.
Navarro, E., Baun, A., Behra, R., Hartmann, N., Filser, J., Miao, A.-J., Quigg, A., Santschi, P., and Sigg, L.: Environmental behavior and ecotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles to algae, plants, and fungi, Ecotoxicology, 17, 372–386, 2008.
Neal, A. L.: What can be inferred from bacterium–nanoparticle interactions about the potential consequences of environmental exposure to nanoparticles?, Ecotoxicology, 17, 362–371, 2008.
Nowack, B. and Bucheli, T. D.: Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment, Environ. Pollut., 150, 5–22, 2007.
Pan, B. and Xing, B.: Adsorption Mechanisms of Organic Chemicals on Carbon Nanotubes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 9005–9013, 2008.
Pan, B. and Xing, B.: Manufactured nanoparticles and their sorption of organic chemicals, Adv. Agronomy, 108, 137–181, 2010.
Pan, B. and Xing, B.: Applications and implications of manufactured nanoparticles in soils: a review, Euro. J. Soil Sci., 63, 437–456, 2012.
Pang, C. M., Hong, P., Guo, H., and Liu, W.-T.: Biofilm formation characteristics of bacterial isolates retrieved from a reverse osmosis membrane, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 7541–7550, 2005.
Peretz, S. and Regev, O.: Carbon nanotubes as nanocarriers in medicine, Current Opinion Coll. Int. Sci., 17, 360–368, 2012.
Petersen, E. J. and Henry, T. B.: Methodological considerations for testing the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes: Review, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 31, 60–72, 2012.
Petersen, E. J., Zhang, L., Mattison, N. T., O'carroll, D. M., Whelton, A. J., Uddin, N., Nguyen, T., Huang, Q., Henry, T. B., Holbrook, R. D., and Chen, K. L.: Potential Release Pathways, Environmental Fate, And Ecological Risks of Carbon Nanotubes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 9837–9856, 2011.
Plata, D. L., Reddy, C. M., and Gschwend, P. M.: Thermogravimetry-Mass Spectrometry for Carbon Nanotube Detection in Complex Mixtures, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 12254–12261, 2012.
Qu, X., Alvarez, P. J. J., and Li, Q.: Impact of Sunlight and Humic Acid on the Deposition Kinetics of Aqueous Fullerene Nanoparticles (nC60), Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 13455–13462, 2012.
Reid, B. J., Stokes, J. D., Jones, K. C., and Semple, K. T.: Nonexhaustive Cyclodextrin-Based Extraction Technique for the Evaluation of PAH Bioavailability, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3174–3179, 2000.
Ren, X., Chen, C., Nagatsu, M., and Wang, X.: Carbon nanotubes as adsorbents in environmental pollution management: A review, Chem. Eng. J., 170, 395–410, 2011.
Rhodes, A. H., Carlin, A., and Semple, K. T.: Impact of Black Carbon in the Extraction and Mineralization of Phenanthrene in Soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 740–745, 2008a.
Rhodes, A. H., Dew, N. M., and Semple, K. T.: Relationship between cyclodextrin extraction and biodegradation of phenanthrene in soil, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 27, 1488–1495, 2008b.
Rhodes, A. H., Riding, M. J., Mcallister, L. E., Lee, K., and Semple, K. T.: Influence of Activated Charcoal on Desorption Kinetics and Biodegradation of Phenanthrene in Soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 12445–12451, 2012.
Richards, J. J., Rice, A. H., Nelson, R. D., Kim, F. S., Jenekhe, S. A., Luscombe, C. K., and Pozzo, D. C.: Modification of PCBM Crystallization Via Incorporation of C60 in Polymer/Fullerene Solar Cells, Adv. Funct. Materials, 23, 514–522, 2012.
Riding, M. J., Martin, F. L., Trevisan, J., Llabjani, V., Patel, Ii, Jones, K. C., and Semple, K. T.: Concentration-dependent effects of carbon nanoparticles in gram-negative bacteria determined by infrared spectroscopy with multivariate analysis, Environ. Pollut., 163, 226–234, 2012a.
Riding, M. J., Trevisan, J., Hirschmugl, C. J., Jones, K. C., Semple, K. T., and Martin, F. L.: Mechanistic insights into nanotoxicity determined by synchrotron radiation-based Fourier-transform infrared imaging and multivariate analysis, Environ. Int., 50, 56–65, 2012b.
Roy, S. B. and Dzombak, D. A.: Sorption nonequilibrium effects on colloid-enhanced transport of hydrophobic organic compounds in porous media, J. Contaminant Hydrol., 30, 179–200, 1998.
Sanchez, P. A.: Properties and management of soils in the tropics, New York, USA, John Wiley and Sons, 1976.
Sayes, C. M., Fortner, J. D., Guo, W., Lyon, D., Boyd, A. M., Ausman, K. D., Tao, Y. J., Sitharaman, B., Wilson, L. J., Hughes, J. B., West, J. L., and Colvin, V. L.: The Differential Cytotoxicity of Water-Soluble Fullerenes, Nano Letters, 4, 1881–1887, 2004.
Schierz, A., Parks, A. N., Washburn, K. M., Chandler, G. T., and Ferguson, P. L.: Characterization and Quantitative Analysis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Aquatic Environment Using Near-Infrared Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 12262–12271, 2012.
Schreiner, K. M., Filley, T. R., Blanchette, R. A., Bowen, B. B., Bolskar, R. D., Hockaday, W. C., Masiello, C. A., and Raebiger, J. W.: White-Rot Basidiomycete-Mediated Decomposition of C60 Fullerol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 3162–3168, 2009.
Semple, K. T., Doick, K. J., Jones, K. C., Burauel, P., Craven, A., and Harms, H.: Peer Reviewed: Defining Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility of Contaminated Soil and Sediment is Complicated, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 228A–231A, 2004.
Semple, K. T., Riding, M. J., Mcallister, L. E., Sopena-Vazquez, F., and Bending, G. D.: Impact of black carbon on the bioaccessibility of organic contaminants in soil, J. Hazardous Materials, 261, 808–816, 2013.
Sen, T. K. and Khilar, K. C.: Review on subsurface colloids and colloid-associated contaminant transport in saturated porous media, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 119, 71–96, 2006.
Shan, J., Jiang, B., Yu, B., Li, C., Sun, Y., Guo, H., Wu, J., Klumpp, E., Schäffer, A., and Ji, R.: Isomer-Specific Degradation of Branched and Linear 4-Nonylphenol Isomers in an Oxic Soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 8283–8289, 2011.
Sharma, P. and Ahuja, P.: Recent advances in carbon nanotube-based electronics, Materials Res. Bull., 43, 2517–2526, 2008.
Shaw, G. and Connell, D.: Prediction and Monitoring of the Carcinogenicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PACs), in: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, edited by: Ware, G., Springer New York, 1994.
Shieh, Y.-T., Liu, G.-L., Wu, H.-H., and Lee, C.-C.: Effects of polarity and pH on the solubility of acid-treated carbon nanotubes in different media, Carbon, 45, 1880–1890, 2007.
Simon-Deckers, A. L., Loo, S., Mayne-L'hermite, M., Herlin-Boime, N., Menguy, N., Reynaud, C. C., Gouget, B., and Carriee, M.: Size-, Composition- and Shape-Dependent Toxicological Impact of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes toward Bacteria, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 8423–8429, 2009.
Singh, P. and Cameotra, S. S.: Enhancement of metal bioremediation by use of microbial surfactants, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 319, 291–297, 2004.
Singh, R., Paul, D., and Jain, R. K.: Biofilms: implications in bioremediation, Trends in Microbiol., 14, 389–397, 2006.
Smith, B., Wepasnick, K., Schrote, K. E., Bertele, A. R., Ball, W. P., O'melia, C., and Fairbrother, D. H.: Colloidal Properties of Aqueous Suspensions of Acid-Treated, Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 819–825, 2008.
Smith, B., Wepasnick, K., Schrote, K. E., Cho, H.-H., Ball, W. P., and Fairbrother, D. H.: Influence of Surface Oxides on the Colloidal Stability of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: A Structure-Property Relationship, Langmuir, 25, 9767–9776, 2009.
Snow, E. S., Perkins, F. K., Houser, E. J., Badescu, S. C., and Reinecke, T. L.: Chemical Detection with a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Capacitor, Science, 307, 1942–1945, 2005.
Sobek, A. and Bucheli, T. D.: Testing the resistance of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes to chemothermal oxidation used to isolate soots from environmental samples, Environ. Pollut., 157, 1065–1071, 2009.
Sollins, P., Robertson, G. P., and Uehara, G.: Nutrient mobility in variable- and permanent-charge soils, Biogeochemistry, 6, 181–199, 1988.
Stokes, J. D., Paton, G. I., and Semple, K. T.: Behaviour and assessment of bioavailability of organic contaminants in soil: relevance for risk assessment and remediation, Soil Use Manage., 21, 475–486, 2005.
Terashima, M. and Nagao, S.: Solubilization of [60]Fullerene in water by aquatic humic substances, Chem. Lett., 36, 302–303, 2007.
Tong, Z., Bischoff, M., Nies, L., Applegate, B., and Turco, R. F.: Impact of Fullerene (C60) on a Soil Microbial Community, Enviro. Sci. Technol., 41, 2985–2991, 2007.
Towell, M. G., Browne, L. A., Paton, G. I., and Semple, K. T.: Impact of carbon nanomaterials on the behaviour of 14C-phenanthrene and 14C-benzo-[a] pyrene in soil, Environ. Pollut., 159, 706–715, 2011.
Turco, R. F., Bischoff, M., Tong, Z. H., and Nies, L.: Environmental implications of nanomaterials: are we studying the right thing?, Current Opinion Biotechnol., 22, 527–532, 2011.
Upadhyayula, V. K. K. and Gadhamshetty, V.: Appreciating the role of carbon nanotube composites in preventing biofouling and promoting biofilms on material surfaces in environmental engineering: A review, Biotechnol. Adv., 28, 802–816, 2010.
Upadhyayula, V. K. K., Deng, S., Smith, G. B., and Mitchell, M. C.: Adsorption of Bacillus subtilis on single-walled carbon nanotube aggregates, activated carbon and NanoCeram, Water Res., 43, 148–156, 2009.
Velasco-Santos, C., Martinez-Hernandez, A. L., Consultchi, A., Rodr\i guez, R., and Castaño, V. M.: Naturally produced carbon nanotubes, Chemical Phys. Lett., 373, 272–276, 2003.
Wang, L., Fortner, J. D., Hou, L., Zhang, C., Kan, A. T., Tomson, M. B., and Chen, W.: Contaminant-mobilizing capability of fullerene nanoparticles (nC60): Effect of solvent-exchange process in nC60 formation, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 32, 329–336, 2012a.
Wang, L., Huang, Y., Kan, A. T., Tomson, M. B. and Chen, W.: Enhanced Transport of 2,2',5,5'-Polychlorinated Biphenyl by Natural Organic Matter (NOM) and Surfactant-Modified Fullerene Nanoparticles (nC60), Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 5422–5429, 2012b.
Wang, P. and Keller, A. A.: Natural and Engineered Nano and Colloidal Transport: Role of Zeta Potential in Prediction of Particle Deposition, Langmuir, 25, 6856–6862, 2009.
Wang, P., Shi, Q., Liang, H., Steuerman, D. W., Stucky, G. D., and Keller, A. A.: Enhanced Environmental Mobility of Carbon Nanotubes in the Presence of Humic Acid and Their Removal from Aqueous Solution, Small, 4, 2166–2170, 2008.
Wang, X., Lu, J., and Xing, B.: Sorption of Organic Contaminants by Carbon Nanotubes: Influence of Adsorbed Organic Matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3207–3212, 2008.
Wang, X., Tao, S., and Xing, B.: Sorption and Competition of Aromatic Compounds and Humic Acid on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 6214–6219, 2009.
Wang, X., Shu, L., Wang, Y., Xu, B., Bai, Y., Tao, S., and Xing, B.: Sorption of Peat Humic Acids to Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 9276–9283, 2011.
Xia, X., Li, Y., Zhou, Z., and Feng, C.: Bioavailability of adsorbed phenanthrene by black carbon and multi-walled carbon nanotubes to Agrobacterium, Chemosphere, 78, 1329–1336, 2010.
Xia, X., Zhou, C., Huang, J., Wang, R., and Xia, N.: Mineralization of phenanthrene sorbed on multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 32, 894–901, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2125, 2013.
Yan, H., Pan, G., Zou, H., Li, X., and Chen, H.: Effective removal of microcystins using carbon nanotubes embedded with bacteria, Chinese Sci. Bull., 49, 1694–1698, 2004.
Yang, K. and Xing, B.: Desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from carbon nanomaterials in water, Environ. Pollut., 145, 529–537, 2007.
Yang, K., Wang, X., Zhu, L., and Xing, B.: Competitive Sorption of Pyrene, Phenanthrene, and Naphthalene on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 5804–5810, 2006a.
Yang, K., Zhu, L., and Xing, B.: Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Carbon Nanomaterials, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 1855–1861, 2006b.
Zhang, L., Petersen, E. J., and Huang, Q.: Phase Distribution of 14C-Labeled Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Systems Containing Model Solids: Peat, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 1356–1362, 2011a.
Zhang, L., Wang, L., Zhang, P., Kan, A. T., Chen, W., and Tomson, M. B.: Facilitated Transport of 2,2',5,5'-Polychlorinated Biphenyl and Phenanthrene by Fullerene Nanoparticles through Sandy Soil Columns, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 1341–1348, 2011b.
Zhang, L., Hou, L., Wang, L., Kan, A. T., Chen, W., and Tomson, M. B.: Transport of Fullerene Nanoparticles (nC60) in Saturated Sand and Sandy Soil: Controlling Factors and Modeling, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 7230–7238, 2012a.
Zhang, L., Petersen, E. J., Zhang, W., Chen, Y., Cabrera, M., and Huang, Q.: Interactions of 14C-labeled multi-walled carbon nanotubes with soil minerals in water, Environ. Pollut., 166, 75–81, 2012b.
Zhang, S., Shao, T., and Karanfil, T.: The effects of dissolved natural organic matter on the adsorption of synthetic organic chemicals by activated carbons and carbon nanotubes, Water Res., 45, 1378–1386, 2011.
Zhou, W., Shan, J., Jiang, B., Wang, L., Feng, J., Guo, H., and Ji, R.: Inhibitory effects of carbon nanotubes on the degradation of 14C-2,4-dichlorophenol in soil, Chemosphere, 90, 527–534, 2013.
Short summary
The behaviour of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) in soils is highly complex and dynamic. As a result, assessments of the possible risks CNMs pose within soil should be conducted on a case-by-case basis. Further work to assess the long-term stability and toxicity of CNM-sorbed contaminants, as well as the toxicity of CNMs themselves, is required to determine if their sorptive abilities can be applied to remedy environmental issues such as land contamination.
The behaviour of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) in soils is highly complex and dynamic. As a...
Special issue