Articles | Volume 8, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-31-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-31-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Are agricultural plastic covers a source of plastic debris in soil? A first screening study
Zacharias Steinmetz
iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, University of Koblenz–Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
Paul Löffler
iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, University of Koblenz–Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
Silvia Eichhöfer
iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, University of Koblenz–Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
Jan David
iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, University of Koblenz–Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
Katherine Muñoz
iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Group of Organic and Ecological Chemistry, University of Koblenz–Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
Gabriele E. Schaumann
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, University of Koblenz–Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
Related subject area
Soil pollution and remediation
Long-term legacy of phytoremediation on plant succession and soil microbial communities in petroleum-contaminated sub-Arctic soils
Investigating the synergistic potential of Si and biochar to immobilize Ni in a Ni-contaminated calcareous soil after Zea mays L. cultivation
Estimations of soil metal accumulation or leaching potentials under climate change scenarios: the example of copper on a European scale
Model-based analysis of erosion-induced microplastic delivery from arable land to the stream network of a mesoscale catchment
Increase in bacterial community induced tolerance to Cr in response to soil properties and Cr level in the soil
Organic and inorganic nitrogen amendments reduce biodegradation of biodegradable plastic mulch films
Research and management challenges following soil and landscape decontamination at the onset of the reopening of the Difficult-to-Return Zone, Fukushima (Japan)
Impact of agricultural management on soil aggregates and associated organic carbon fractions: analysis of long-term experiments in Europe
Miniaturised visible and near-infrared spectrometers for assessing soil health indicators in mine site rehabilitation
The application of biochar and oyster shell reduced cadmium uptake by crops and modified soil fertility and enzyme activities in contaminated soil
Reusing Fe water treatment residual as a soil amendment to improve physical function and flood resilience
Mapping soil slaking index and assessing the impact of management in a mixed agricultural landscape
Assessing soil salinity dynamics using time-lapse electromagnetic conductivity imaging
Effectiveness of landscape decontamination following the Fukushima nuclear accident: a review
Evaluating the carbon sequestration potential of volcanic soils in southern Iceland after birch afforestation
Citrate and malonate increase microbial activity and alter microbial community composition in uncontaminated and diesel-contaminated soil microcosms
Development of a statistical tool for the estimation of riverbank erosion probability
Sediment loss and its cause in Puerto Rico watersheds
Carbon nanomaterials in clean and contaminated soils: environmental implications and applications
Mary-Cathrine Leewis, Christopher Kasanke, Ondrej Uhlik, and Mary Beth Leigh
SOIL, 10, 551–566, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-551-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-551-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 1995, an initial study determined that using plants and fertilizers increased degradation of petroleum in soil; the site was then abandoned. In 2010, we returned to find that initial choices of plant and fertilizer use continued to cause changes in the plant and soil microbiomes. We also found evidence for the restoration of native vegetation with certain treatments, which indicates that this could be an important tool for communities that experience soil contamination.
Hamid Reza Boostani, Ailsa G. Hardie, Mahdi Najafi-Ghiri, Ehsan Bijanzadeh, Dariush Khalili, and Esmaeil Farrokhnejad
SOIL, 10, 487–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-487-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-487-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, the combined SM500 + S2 treatment was the most effective with respect to reducing the Ni water-soluble and exchangeable fraction. Application of Si and biochars decreased the soil Ni diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and corn Ni shoot content. The study shows the synergistic potential of Si and sheep manure biochars for immobilizing soil Ni.
Laura Sereni, Julie-Maï Paris, Isabelle Lamy, and Bertrand Guenet
SOIL, 10, 367–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-367-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-367-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate the tendencies of copper (Cu) export in freshwater or accumulation in soils in Europe for the 21st century and highlight areas of importance for environmental monitoring. We develop a method combining computations of Cu partitioning coefficients between solid and solution phases with runoff data. The surfaces with potential for export or accumulation are roughly constant over the century, but the accumulation potential of Cu increases while leaching potential decreases for 2000–2095.
Raphael Rehm and Peter Fiener
SOIL, 10, 211–230, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-211-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-211-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A carbon transport model was adjusted to study the importance of water and tillage erosion processes for particular microplastic (MP) transport across a mesoscale landscape. The MP mass delivered into the stream network represented a serious amount of MP input in the same range as potential MP inputs from wastewater treatment plants. In addition, most of the MP applied to arable soils remains in the topsoil (0–20 cm) for decades. The MP sink function of soil results in a long-term MP source.
Claudia Campillo-Cora, Daniel Arenas-Lago, Manuel Arias-Estévez, and David Fernández-Calviño
SOIL, 9, 561–571, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-561-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-561-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cr pollution is a global concern. The use of methodologies specifically related to Cr toxicity is appropriate, such as the pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) methodology. The development of PICT was determined in 10 soils after Cr addition in the laboratory. The Cr-soluble fraction and dissolved organic carbon were the main variables determining the development of PICT (R2 = 95.6 %).
Sreejata Bandopadhyay, Marie English, Marife B. Anunciado, Mallari Starrett, Jialin Hu, José E. Liquet y González, Douglas G. Hayes, Sean M. Schaeffer, and Jennifer M. DeBruyn
SOIL, 9, 499–516, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-499-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-499-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We added organic and inorganic nitrogen amendments to two soil types in a laboratory incubation study in order to understand how that would impact biodegradable plastic mulch (BDM) decomposition. We found that nitrogen amendments, particularly urea and inorganic nitrogen, suppressed BDM degradation in both soil types. However, we found limited impact of BDM addition on soil nitrification, suggesting that overall microbial processes were not compromised due to the addition of BDMs.
Olivier Evrard, Thomas Chalaux-Clergue, Pierre-Alexis Chaboche, Yoshifumi Wakiyama, and Yves Thiry
SOIL, 9, 479–497, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-479-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-479-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Twelve years after the nuclear accident that occurred in Fukushima in March 2011, radioactive contamination remains a major concern in north-eastern Japan. The Japanese authorities completed an unprecedented decontamination programme. The central objective was to not expose local inhabitants to excessive radioactive doses. At the onset of the full reopening of the Difficult-to-Return Zone in 2023, the current review provides an update of a previous synthesis published in 2019.
Ioanna S. Panagea, Antonios Apostolakis, Antonio Berti, Jenny Bussell, Pavel Čermak, Jan Diels, Annemie Elsen, Helena Kusá, Ilaria Piccoli, Jean Poesen, Chris Stoate, Mia Tits, Zoltan Toth, and Guido Wyseure
SOIL, 8, 621–644, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-621-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-621-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The potential to reverse the negative effects caused in topsoil by inversion tillage, using alternative agricultural practices, was evaluated. Reduced and no tillage, and additions of manure/compost, improved topsoil structure and OC content. Residue retention had a positive impact on structure. We concluded that the negative effects of inversion tillage can be mitigated by reducing tillage intensity or adding organic materials, optimally combined with non-inversion tillage.
Zefang Shen, Haylee D'Agui, Lewis Walden, Mingxi Zhang, Tsoek Man Yiu, Kingsley Dixon, Paul Nevill, Adam Cross, Mohana Matangulu, Yang Hu, and Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel
SOIL, 8, 467–486, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-467-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-467-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We compared miniaturised visible and near-infrared spectrometers to a portable visible–near-infrared instrument, which is more expensive. Statistical and machine learning algorithms were used to model 29 key soil health indicators. Accuracy of the miniaturised spectrometers was comparable to the portable system. Soil spectroscopy with these tiny sensors is cost-effective and could diagnose soil health, help monitor soil rehabilitation, and deliver positive environmental and economic outcomes.
Bin Wu, Jia Li, Mingping Sheng, He Peng, Dinghua Peng, and Heng Xu
SOIL, 8, 409–419, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-409-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-409-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil has severely threatened human health. In this study, we investigated the possibility of applying oyster shell and biochar to reduce Cd uptake by crops and improve soil fertility and enzyme activities in field experiments under rice–oilseed rape rotation, which provided an economical and effective pathway to achieving an in situ remediation of the Cd-contaminated farmland.
Heather C. Kerr, Karen L. Johnson, and David G. Toll
SOIL, 8, 283–295, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-283-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-283-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Adding an organo-mineral waste product from clean water treatment (WTR) is beneficial for a soil’s water retention, permeability, and strength properties. WTR added on its own significantly improves the shear strength and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil. The co-application of WTR with compost provides the same benefits whilst also improving soil’s water retention properties, which is beneficial for environmental applications where the soil health is critical.
Edward J. Jones, Patrick Filippi, Rémi Wittig, Mario Fajardo, Vanessa Pino, and Alex B. McBratney
SOIL, 7, 33–46, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-33-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-33-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil physical health is integral to maintaining functional agro-ecosystems. A novel method of assessing soil physical condition using a smartphone app has been developed – SLAKES. In this study the SLAKES app was used to investigate aggregate stability in a mixed agricultural landscape. Cropping areas were found to have significantly poorer physical health than similar soils under pasture. Results were mapped across the landscape to identify problem areas and pinpoint remediation efforts.
Maria Catarina Paz, Mohammad Farzamian, Ana Marta Paz, Nádia Luísa Castanheira, Maria Conceição Gonçalves, and Fernando Monteiro Santos
SOIL, 6, 499–511, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-499-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-499-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study electromagnetic induction (EMI) surveys and soil sampling were repeated over time to monitor soil salinity dynamics in an important agricultural area that faces risk of soil salinization. EMI data were converted to electromagnetic conductivity imaging through a mathematical inversion algorithm and converted to 2-D soil salinity maps until a depth of 1.35 m through a regional calibration. This is a non-invasive and cost-effective methodology that can be employed over large areas.
Olivier Evrard, J. Patrick Laceby, and Atsushi Nakao
SOIL, 5, 333–350, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-333-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-333-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident in March 2011 resulted in the contamination of Japanese landscapes with radioactive fallout. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the decontamination strategies and their potential effectiveness in Japan. Overall, we believe it is important to synthesise the remediation lessons learnt following the FDNPP nuclear accident, which could be fundamental if radioactive fallout occurred somewhere on Earth in the future.
Matthias Hunziker, Olafur Arnalds, and Nikolaus J. Kuhn
SOIL, 5, 223–238, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-223-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-223-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Afforestation on severely degraded volcanic soils/landscapes is an important process concerning ecological restoration in Iceland. These landscapes have a high potential to act as carbon sinks. We tested the soil (0–30 cm) of different stages of afforested (mountain birch) landscapes and analysed the quantity and quality of the soil organic carbon. There is an increase in the total SOC stock during the encroachment. The increase is mostly because of POM SOC. Such soils demand SOC quality tests.
Belinda C. Martin, Suman J. George, Charles A. Price, Esmaeil Shahsavari, Andrew S. Ball, Mark Tibbett, and Megan H. Ryan
SOIL, 2, 487–498, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-487-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-487-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this paper was to determine the impact of citrate and malonate on microbial activity and community structure in uncontaminated and diesel-contaminated soil. The results suggest that these carboxylates can stimulate microbial activity and alter microbial community structure but appear to have a minimal effect on enhancing degradation of diesel. However, our results suggest that carboxylates may have an important role in shaping microbial communities even in contaminated soils.
E. A. Varouchakis, G. V. Giannakis, M. A. Lilli, E. Ioannidou, N. P. Nikolaidis, and G. P. Karatzas
SOIL, 2, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-1-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-1-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A statistical methodology is proposed to predict the probability of presence or absence of erosion in a river section considering locally spatial correlated independent variables.
The proposed tool is easy to use and accurate and can be applied to any region and river. It requires information from easy-to-determine geomorphological and/or hydrological variables to provide the vulnerable locations. This tool could be used to assist in managing erosion and flooding events.
Y. Yuan, Y. Jiang, E. V. Taguas, E. G. Mbonimpa, and W. Hu
SOIL, 1, 595–602, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-595-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-595-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A major environmental concern in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is increased sediment load to water reservoirs, to estuaries, and finally to coral reef areas. Our research found that sediment loss was mainly caused by interactions of development, heavy rainfall events, and steep mountainous slopes. These results improve our understanding of sediment loss resulting from changes in land use/cover, and will allow stakeholders to make more informed decisions about future land use planning.
M. J. Riding, F. L. Martin, K. C. Jones, and K. T. Semple
SOIL, 1, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-1-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-1-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The behaviour of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) in soils is highly complex and dynamic. As a result, assessments of the possible risks CNMs pose within soil should be conducted on a case-by-case basis. Further work to assess the long-term stability and toxicity of CNM-sorbed contaminants, as well as the toxicity of CNMs themselves, is required to determine if their sorptive abilities can be applied to remedy environmental issues such as land contamination.
Cited articles
Agrarmeteorologie Rheinland-Pfalz: Wetterdaten Pfalz,
available at: https://www.wetter.rlp.de/Agrarmeteorologie/Wetterdaten/Pfalz, last access: 7 May 2021. a
ASTM D422-63: Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of
Soils, Technical standard, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, available at: https://www.astm.org/d0422-63r07.html (last access: 14 January 2022), 2007. a
Beriot, N., Peek, J., Zornoza, R., Geissen, V., and Huerta Lwanga, E.: Low
Density-Microplastics Detected in Sheep Faeces and Soil: A Case Study
from the Intensive Vegetable Farming in Southeast Spain, Sci.
Total Environ., 755, 142653, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142653,
2021. a
Bertling, J., Zimmermann, T., and Rödig, L.: Kunststoffe in der Umwelt:
Emissionen in landwirtschaftlich genutzte Böden, Tech. Rep.,
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, https://doi.org/10.24406/UMSICHT-N-633611, 2021. a, b
Brandes, E., Henseler, M., and Kreins, P.: Identifying Hot-Spots for
Microplastic Contamination in Agricultural Soils – a Spatial Modeling
Approach for Germany, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 104041,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac21e6, 2021. a
Büks, F. and Kaupenjohann, M.: Global concentrations of microplastics in soils – a review, SOIL, 6, 649–662, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-649-2020, 2020. a, b
Cowger, W., Steinmetz, Z., Gray, A., Munno, K., Lynch, J., Hapich, H., Primpke,
S., De Frond, H., Rochman, C., and Herodotou, O.: Microplastic Spectral
Classification Needs an Open Source Community: Open Specy to the
Rescue!, Anal. Chem., 93, 7543–7548, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00123,
2021. a
David, J., Steinmetz, Z., Kučerík, J., and Schaumann, G. E.:
Quantitative Analysis of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)
Microplastics in Soil via Thermogravimetry – Mass
Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 90, 8793–8799,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00355, 2018. a, b
Dierkes, G., Lauschke, T., Becher, S., Schumacher, H., Földi, C., and
Ternes, T.: Quantification of Microplastics in Environmental Samples via
Pressurized Liquid Extraction and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography, Anal. Bioanal.
Chem., 411, 6959–6968, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-019-02066-9, 2019. a, b, c, d
DIN 32645: Chemical Analysis – Decision Limit, Detection Limit and
Determination Limit under Repeatability Conditions – Terms, Methods,
Evaluation, Technical standard, Beuth, Berlin, Germany, https://doi.org/10.31030/1465413, 2008. a
FAO: World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014: International Soil
Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps,
Tech. Rep. 106, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy,
available at: http://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf (last access: 11 December 2021), 2014. a
Fu, Q., Tan, X., Ye, S., Ma, L., Gu, Y., Zhang, P., Chen, Q., Yang, Y., and
Tang, Y.: Mechanism Analysis of Heavy Metal Lead Captured by Natural-Aged
Microplastics, Chemosphere, 270, 128624,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128624, 2021. a
Grause, G., Chien, M.-F., and Inoue, C.: Changes during the Weathering of
Polyolefins, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 181, 109364,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109364, 2020. a, b
Hahladakis, J. N., Velis, C. A., Weber, R., Iacovidou, E., and Purnell, P.: An
Overview of Chemical Additives Present in Plastics: Migration, Release,
Fate and Environmental Impact during Their Use, Disposal and Recycling,
J. Hazard. Mater., 344, 179–199,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014, 2018. a
Haider, N. and Karlsson, S.: Loss of Chimassorb 944 from LDPE and
Identification of Additive Degradation Products after Exposure to Water, Air
and Compost, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 74, 103–112,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00107-0, 2001. a
Hamouz, K., Lachman, J., Dvořák, P., and Trnková, E.: Influence of
Non-Woven Fleece on the Yield Formation of Early Potatoes, Plant Soil
Environ., 52, 289–294, https://doi.org/10.17221/3443-PSE, 2011. a
Harms, I. K., Diekötter, T., Troegel, S., and Lenz, M.: Amount,
Distribution and Composition of Large Microplastics in Typical Agricultural
Soils in Northern Germany, Sci. Total Environ., 758,
143615, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143615, 2021. a, b, c, d
Hartmann, N. B., Hüffer, T., Thompson, R. C., Hassellöv, M., Verschoor,
A., Daugaard, A. E., Rist, S., Karlsson, T., Brennholt, N., Cole, M.,
Herrling, M. P., Hess, M. C., Ivleva, N. P., Lusher, A. L., and Wagner, M.:
Are We Speaking the Same Language? Recommendations for a
Definition and Categorization Framework for Plastic Debris,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 1039–1047, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05297, 2019. a
Huang, Y., Liu, Q., Jia, W., Yan, C., and Wang, J.: Agricultural Plastic
Mulching as a Source of Microplastics in the Terrestrial Environment,
Environ. Pollut., 260, 114096, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114096,
2020. a, b
Hurley, R. R. and Nizzetto, L.: Fate and Occurrence of Micro(Nano)Plastics in
Soils: Knowledge Gaps and Possible Risks, Curr. Opin.
Environ. Sci. Health, 1, 6–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.10.006,
2018. a
Kim, S.-K., Kim, J.-S., Lee, H., and Lee, H.-J.: Abundance and Characteristics
of Microplastics in Soils with Different Agricultural Practices:
Importance of Sources with Internal Origin and Environmental Fate,
J. Hazard. Mater., 403, 123997,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123997, 2021. a
Laermanns, H., Lehmann, M., Klee, M., Löder, M. G. J., Gekle, S., and
Bogner, C.: Tracing the Horizontal Transport of Microplastics on Rough
Surfaces, Microplastics Nanoplastics, 1, 11, https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-021-00010-2,
2021. a
Lamont, W. J.: Plastic Mulches for the Production of Vegetable
Crops, HortTechnology, 3, 35–39, https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.15.3.0477, 1993. a
Liu, E. K., He, W. Q., and Yan, C. R.: “White Revolution” to “white
Pollution” – Agricultural Plastic Film Mulch in China, Environ.
Res. Lett., 9, 091001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/9/091001, 2014. a
Luo, Y., Zhang, Y., Xu, Y., Guo, X., and Zhu, L.: Distribution Characteristics
and Mechanism of Microplastics Mediated by Soil Physicochemical Properties,
Sci. Total Environ., 726, 138389,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138389, 2020. a
Maghchiche, A., Haouam, A., and Immirzi, B.: Use of Polymers and Biopolymers
for Water Retaining and Soil Stabilization in Arid and Semiarid Regions, J.
Taibah Univ. Sci., 4, 9–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1658-3655(12)60022-3, 2010. a
Newcomb, C. J., Qafoku, N. P., Grate, J. W., Bailey, V. L., and De Yoreo,
J. J.: Developing a Molecular Picture of Soil Organic Matter –
Mineral Interactions by Quantifying Organo – Mineral Binding, Nat.
Commun., 8, 396, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00407-9, 2017. a
Okoffo, E. D., Ribeiro, F., O'Brien, J. W., O'Brien, S., Tscharke, B. J.,
Gallen, M., Samanipour, S., Mueller, J. F., and Thomas, K. V.: Identification
and Quantification of Selected Plastics in Biosolids by Pressurized Liquid
Extraction Combined with Double-Shot Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography –
Mass Spectrometry, Sci. Total Environ., 715, 136924,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136924, 2020. a
Piehl, S., Leibner, A., Löder, M. G. J., Dris, R., Bogner, C., and
Laforsch, C.: Identification and Quantification of Macro- and Microplastics
on an Agricultural Farmland, Sci. Rep., 8, 17950,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36172-y, 2018. a
Primpke, S., Fischer, M., Lorenz, C., Gerdts, G., and Scholz-Böttcher,
B. M.: Comparison of Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and
Hyperspectral FTIR Imaging Spectroscopy for the Analysis of
Microplastics, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 412, 8283–8298,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02979-w, 2020. a
Scarascia-Mugnozza, G., Sica, C., and Russo, G.: Plastic Materials in
European Agriculture: Actual Use and Perspectives, J. Agr. Eng., 42,
15–28, https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2011.3.15, 2011. a
Sponagel, H., Grottenthaler, W., Hartmann, K., Hartwich, R., Janetzko, P.,
Joisten, H., Kühn, D., Sabel, K., and Traidl, R.: Bodenkundliche
Kartieranleitung, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 5th Edn., ISBN 978-3-510-95920-4, 2005. a
Steinmetz, Z., Wollmann, C., Schaefer, M., Buchmann, C., David, J., Tröger,
J., Muñoz, K., Frör, O., and Schaumann, G. E.: Plastic Mulching in
Agriculture. Trading Short-Term Agronomic Benefits for Long-Term Soil
Degradation?, Sci. Total Environ., 550, 690–705,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.153, 2016. a, b
Steinmetz, Z., Kintzi, A., Muñoz, K., and Schaumann, G. E.: A Simple Method
for the Selective Quantification of Polyethylene, Polypropylene, and
Polystyrene Plastic Debris in Soil by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 147, 104803,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2020.104803, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i
Steinmetz, Z., Löffler, P., Eichhöfer, S., David, J., Muñoz, K., and Schaumann, G. E.: Data from: Are agricultural plastic covers a source of plastic debris in soil? A first screening study, figshare [data set], https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14742849, 2022. a
Tocháček, J., Láska, K., Bálková, R., Krmíček,
L., Merna, J., Tupý, M., Kapler, P., Poláček, P., Čížková, K., and Buráň, Z.: Polymer Weathering in Antarctica,
Polym. Test., 77, 105898, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.105898,
2019. a, b
Tsuge, S., Ohtani, H., and Watanabe, C.: Pyrolysis – GC/MS Data Book of
Synthetic Polymers: Pyrograms, Thermograms and MS of
Pyrolyzates, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Boston, ISBN 978-0-444-53892-5, 2011. a
Wang, Z., Taylor, S. E., Sharma, P., and Flury, M.: Poor Extraction
Efficiencies of Polystyrene Nano- and Microplastics from Biosolids and Soil,
PLOS ONE, 13, e0208009, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208009, 2018. a
Wenig, P. and Odermatt, J.: OpenChrom: A Cross-Platform Open Source
Software for the Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Chromatographic Data, BMC
Bioinformatics, 11, 405, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-11-405, 2010. a
Wu, X., Lyu, X., Li, Z., Gao, B., Zeng, X., Wu, J., and Sun, Y.: Transport of
Polystyrene Nanoplastics in Natural Soils: Effect of Soil Properties,
Ionic Strength and Cation Type, Sci. Total Environ., 707,
136065, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136065, 2020. a
Zhang, D., Liu, H.-B., Hu, W.-L., Qin, X.-H., Ma, X.-W., Yan, C.-R., and Wang,
H.-Y.: The Status and Distribution Characteristics of Residual Mulching Film
in Xinjiang, China, J. Integr. Agr., 15,
2639–2646, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(15)61240-0, 2016. a
Zhang, G. S. and Liu, Y. F.: The Distribution of Microplastics in Soil
Aggregate Fractions in Southwestern China, Sci. Total
Environ., 642, 12–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.004, 2018. a, b
Zhang, S., Yang, X., Gertsen, H., Peters, P., Salánki, T., and Geissen, V.:
A Simple Method for the Extraction and Identification of Light Density
Microplastics from Soil, Sci. Total Environ., 616/617, 1056–1065,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.213, 2018. a
Short summary
To scrutinize the contribution of agricultural plastic covers to plastic pollution, we quantified soil-associated plastic debris (≤ 2 mm) in and around agricultural fields covered with different plastics. PP fleeces and 50 µm thick PE films did not emit significant amounts of plastic debris into soil during their 4-month use. However, thinner and perforated PE foils (40 µm) were associated with elevated PE contents of up to 35 mg kg−1. Their long-term use may thus favor plastic accumulation.
To scrutinize the contribution of agricultural plastic covers to plastic pollution, we...