Articles | Volume 2, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-631-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-631-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Review article
| 
12 Dec 2016
Review article |
| 12 Dec 2016
Water in the critical zone: soil, water and life from profile to planet
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Related authors
Keith J. Beven, Mike J. Kirkby, Jim E. Freer, and Rob Lamb
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 527–549, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-527-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-527-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The theory that forms the basis of TOPMODEL was first outlined by Mike Kirkby some 45 years ago. This paper recalls some of the early developments: the rejection of the first journal paper, the early days of digital terrain analysis, model calibration and validation, the various criticisms of the simplifying assumptions, and the relaxation of those assumptions in the dynamic forms of TOPMODEL, and it considers what we might do now with the benefit of hindsight.
M. O. Johnson, M. Gloor, M. J. Kirkby, and J. Lloyd
Biogeosciences, 11, 6873–6894, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6873-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6873-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
We present a soil evolution model which incorporates the major processes of pedogenesis: mineral weathering, leaching, erosion, bioturbation, nutrient cycling and organic carbon inputs. We compare the modelled soil properties with soil chronosequences from Hawaii and demonstrate that the model captures well the key components of soil development. The model also highlights the important role that vegetation plays in accelerating the weathering and the release of globally important nutrients.
Keith J. Beven, Mike J. Kirkby, Jim E. Freer, and Rob Lamb
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 527–549, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-527-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-527-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The theory that forms the basis of TOPMODEL was first outlined by Mike Kirkby some 45 years ago. This paper recalls some of the early developments: the rejection of the first journal paper, the early days of digital terrain analysis, model calibration and validation, the various criticisms of the simplifying assumptions, and the relaxation of those assumptions in the dynamic forms of TOPMODEL, and it considers what we might do now with the benefit of hindsight.
M. O. Johnson, M. Gloor, M. J. Kirkby, and J. Lloyd
Biogeosciences, 11, 6873–6894, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6873-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6873-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
We present a soil evolution model which incorporates the major processes of pedogenesis: mineral weathering, leaching, erosion, bioturbation, nutrient cycling and organic carbon inputs. We compare the modelled soil properties with soil chronosequences from Hawaii and demonstrate that the model captures well the key components of soil development. The model also highlights the important role that vegetation plays in accelerating the weathering and the release of globally important nutrients.
Related subject area
Soils and water
Optimized fertilization using online soil nitrate data
Depth-extrapolation of field-scale soil moisture time series derived with cosmic-ray neutron sensing using the SMAR model
Intensive agricultural management-induced subsurface accumulation of water-extractable colloidal P in a Vertisol
Perspectives on the misconception of levitating soil aggregates
Combining lime and organic amendments based on titratable alkalinity for efficient amelioration of acidic soils
Addressing soil data needs and data-gaps in catchment scale environmental modelling: the European perspective
Sequestering carbon in the subsoil benefits crop transpiration at the onset of drought
Pesticide transport through the vadose zone under sugarcane in the Wet Tropics, Australia
Reproducibility of the wet part of the soil water retention curve: a European interlaboratory comparison
The higher relative concentration of K+ to Na+ in saline water improves soil hydraulic conductivity, salt-leaching efficiency and structural stability
Agricultural use of compost under different irrigation strategies in a hedgerow olive grove under Mediterranean conditions – a comparison with traditional systems
Potential of natural language processing for metadata extraction from environmental scientific publications
Soil and crop management practices and the water regulation functions of soils: a qualitative synthesis of meta-analyses relevant to European agriculture
Effects of innovative long-term soil and crop management on topsoil properties of a Mediterranean soil based on detailed water retention curves
Polyester microplastic fibers affect soil physical properties and erosion as a function of soil type
Modelling the effect of catena position and hydrology on soil chemical weathering
Long-term impact of cover crop and reduced disturbance tillage on soil pore size distribution and soil water storage
Effective hydraulic properties of 3D virtual stony soils identified by inverse modeling
Biochar alters hydraulic conductivity and impacts nutrient leaching in two agricultural soils
Impact of freeze–thaw cycles on soil structure and soil hydraulic properties
Added value of geophysics-based soil mapping in agro-ecosystem simulations
Particulate macronutrient exports from tropical African montane catchments point to the impoverishment of agricultural soils
A review of the global soil property maps for Earth system models
Saturated and unsaturated salt transport in peat from a constructed fen
Sensitivity analysis of point and parametric pedotransfer functions for estimating water retention of soils in Algeria
Deriving pedotransfer functions for soil quartz fraction in southern France from reverse modeling
Morphological dynamics of gully systems in the subhumid Ethiopian Highlands: the Debre Mawi watershed
Characterization of stony soils' hydraulic conductivity using laboratory and numerical experiments
Quantification of the impact of hydrology on agricultural production as a result of too dry, too wet or too saline conditions
Sediment concentration rating curves for a monsoonal climate: upper Blue Nile
Nonstationarity of the electrical resistivity and soil moisture relationship in a heterogeneous soil system: a case study
Interactions between organisms and parent materials of a constructed Technosol shape its hydrostructural properties
Potential effects of vinasse as a soil amendment to control runoff and soil loss
Quantification of the inevitable: the influence of soil macrofauna on soil water movement in rehabilitated open-cut mined lands
Coupled cellular automata for frozen soil processes
Yonatan Yekutiel, Yuval Rotem, Shlomi Arnon, and Ofer Dahan
SOIL, 10, 335–347, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-335-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-335-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new soil nitrate monitoring system that was installed in a cultivated field enabled us, for the first-time, to control nitrate concentration across the soil profile. Frequent adjustment of fertilizer and water application followed the actual dynamic variation in nitrate concentration across the soil profile. Hence, a significant reduction in fertilizer application was achieved while preserving optimal crop yield.
Daniel Rasche, Theresa Blume, and Andreas Güntner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-170, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-170, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture measurements at the field scale are highly beneficial for numerous (soil) hydrological applications. Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) allows for the non-invasive monitoring of field-scale soil moisture across several hectares but only for the first few tens of centimeters of the soil. In this study, we modify and test a simple modelling approach to extrapolate CRNS-derived surface soil moisture information down to 450 cm depth and compare calibrated and uncalibrated model results.
Shouhao Li, Shuiqing Chen, Shanshan Bai, Jinfang Tan, and Xiaoqian Jiang
SOIL, 10, 49–59, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-49-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-49-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The distribution of water-extractable colloids with soil profiles of 0–120 cm was investigated in a Vertisol under high-intensity agricultural management. A large number of experimental data show that colloidal phosphorus plays an important role in apatite transport throughout the profile. Thus, it is crucial to consider the impact of colloidal P when predicting surface-to-subsurface P loss in Vertisols.
Gina Garland, John Koestel, Alice Johannes, Olivier Heller, Sebastian Doetterl, Dani Or, and Thomas Keller
SOIL, 10, 23–31, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-23-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-23-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The concept of soil aggregates is hotly debated, leading to confusion about their function or relevancy to soil processes. We propose that the use of conceptual figures showing detached and isolated aggregates can be misleading and has contributed to this skepticism. Here, we conceptually illustrate how aggregates can form and dissipate within the context of undisturbed soils, highlighting the fact that aggregates do not necessarily need to have distinct physical boundaries.
Birhanu Iticha, Luke M. Mosley, and Petra Marschner
SOIL, 10, 33–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-33-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-33-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Little effort has been made to develop methods to calculate the application rates of lime combined with organic amendments (OAs) needed to neutralise soil acidity and achieve the desired pH for plant growth. The previous approach of estimating appropriate lime and OA combinations based on field trials is time-consuming and costly. Hence, we developed and successfully validated a new method to calculate the amount of lime or OAs in combined applications required to ameliorate acidity.
Brigitta Szabó, Piroska Kassai, Svajunas Plunge, Attila Nemes, Péter Braun, Michael Strauch, Felix Witing, János Mészáros, and Natalja Čerkasova
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3104, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3104, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research introduces methods and tools for obtaining soil input data in European case studies for environmental models like SWAT+. With various available soil datasets and prediction methods, determining the most suitable is challenging. The study aims to i) catalogue open access datasets and prediction methods for Europe, ii) demonstrate and quantify differences between prediction approaches, and iii) offer a comprehensive workflow with open-source R codes for deriving missing soil data.
Maria Eliza Turek, Attila Nemes, and Annelie Holzkämper
SOIL, 9, 545–560, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-545-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-545-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we systematically evaluated prospective crop transpiration benefits of sequestering soil organic carbon (SOC) under current and future climatic conditions based on the model SWAP. We found that adding at least 2% SOC down to at least 65 cm depth could increase transpiration annually by almost 40 mm, which can play a role in mitigating drought impacts in rain-fed cropping. Beyond this threshold, additional crop transpiration benefits of sequestering SOC are only marginal.
Rezaul Karim, Lucy Reading, Les Dawes, Ofer Dahan, and Glynis Orr
SOIL, 9, 381–398, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-381-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-381-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study was performed using continuous measurement of temporal variations in soil saturation and of the concentration of pesticides along the vadose zone profile and underlying alluvial aquifers at sugarcane fields in the Wet Tropics of Australia. A vadose zone monitoring system was set up to enable the characterization of pesticide (non-PS II herbicides) migration with respect to pesticide application, sugarcane growing period, and, finally, rainwater infiltration.
Benjamin Guillaume, Hanane Aroui Boukbida, Gerben Bakker, Andrzej Bieganowski, Yves Brostaux, Wim Cornelis, Wolfgang Durner, Christian Hartmann, Bo V. Iversen, Mathieu Javaux, Joachim Ingwersen, Krzysztof Lamorski, Axel Lamparter, András Makó, Ana María Mingot Soriano, Ingmar Messing, Attila Nemes, Alexandre Pomes-Bordedebat, Martine van der Ploeg, Tobias Karl David Weber, Lutz Weihermüller, Joost Wellens, and Aurore Degré
SOIL, 9, 365–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-365-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-365-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of soil water retention properties play an important role in a variety of societal issues that depend on soil water conditions. However, there is little concern about the consistency of these measurements between laboratories. We conducted an interlaboratory comparison to assess the reproducibility of the measurement of the soil water retention curve. Results highlight the need to harmonize and standardize procedures to improve the description of unsaturated processes in soils.
Sihui Yan, Tibin Zhang, Binbin Zhang, Tonggang Zhang, Yu Cheng, Chun Wang, Min Luo, Hao Feng, and Kadambot H. M. Siddique
SOIL, 9, 339–349, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-339-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-339-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper provides some new information about the effects of different relative concentrations of K+ to Na+ at constant electrical conductivity (EC) on soil hydraulic conductivity, salt-leaching efficiency and pore size distribution. In addition to Ca2+ and Mg2+, K+ plays an important role in soil structure stability. These findings can provide a scientific basis and technical support for the sustainable use of saline water and control of soil quality deterioration.
Laura L. de Sosa, María José Martín-Palomo, Pedro Castro-Valdecantos, and Engracia Madejón
SOIL, 9, 325–338, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-325-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-325-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Olive groves are subject to enormous pressure to meet the social demands of production. In this work, we assess how an additional source of organic carbon and an irrigation control can somehow palliate the effect of olive grove intensification by comparing olive groves under different management and tree densities. We observed that a reduced irrigation regimen in combination with compost from the oil industry's own waste was able to enhance soil fertility under a water conservation strategy.
Guillaume Blanchy, Lukas Albrecht, John Koestel, and Sarah Garré
SOIL, 9, 155–168, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-155-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-155-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Adapting agricultural practices to future climatic conditions requires us to synthesize the effects of management practices on soil properties with respect to local soil and climate. We showcase different automated text-processing methods to identify topics, extract metadata for building a database and summarize findings from publication abstracts. While human intervention remains essential, these methods show great potential to support evidence synthesis from large numbers of publications.
Guillaume Blanchy, Gilberto Bragato, Claudia Di Bene, Nicholas Jarvis, Mats Larsbo, Katharina Meurer, and Sarah Garré
SOIL, 9, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
European agriculture is vulnerable to weather extremes. Nevertheless, by choosing well how to manage their land, farmers can protect themselves against drought and peak rains. More than a thousand observations across Europe show that it is important to keep the soil covered with living plants, even in winter. A focus on a general reduction of traffic on agricultural land is more important than reducing tillage. Organic material needs to remain or be added on the field as much as possible.
Alaitz Aldaz-Lusarreta, Rafael Giménez, Miguel A. Campo-Bescós, Luis M. Arregui, and Iñigo Virto
SOIL, 8, 655–671, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-655-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-655-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows how an innovative soil and crop management including no-tillage, cover crops and organic amendments is able to improve the topsoil physical quality compared to conventional management for rainfed cereal cropping in a semi-arid Mediterranean area in Navarre (Spain).
Rosolino Ingraffia, Gaetano Amato, Vincenzo Bagarello, Francesco G. Carollo, Dario Giambalvo, Massimo Iovino, Anika Lehmann, Matthias C. Rillig, and Alfonso S. Frenda
SOIL, 8, 421–435, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-421-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-421-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The presence of microplastics in soil environments has received increased attention, but little research exists on the effects on different soil types and soil water erosion. We performed two experiments on the effects of polyester microplastic fiber on soil properties, soil aggregation, and soil erosion in three agricultural soils. Results showed that polyester microplastic fibers affect the formation of new aggregates and soil erosion and that such effects are strongly dependent on soil type.
Vanesa García-Gamero, Tom Vanwalleghem, Adolfo Peña, Andrea Román-Sánchez, and Peter A. Finke
SOIL, 8, 319–335, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-319-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-319-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Short-scale soil variability has received much less attention than at the regional scale. The chemical depletion fraction (CDF), a proxy for chemical weathering, was measured and simulated with SoilGen along two opposite slopes in southern Spain. The results show that differences in CDF could not be explained by topography alone but by hydrological parameters. The model sensitivity test shows the maximum CDF value for intermediate precipitation has similar findings to other soil properties.
Samuel N. Araya, Jeffrey P. Mitchell, Jan W. Hopmans, and Teamrat A. Ghezzehei
SOIL, 8, 177–198, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-177-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-177-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the long-term effects of no-till (NT) and winter cover cropping (CC) practices on soil hydraulic properties. We measured soil water retention and conductivity and also conducted numerical simulations to compare soil water storage abilities under the different systems. Soils under NT and CC practices had improved soil structure. Conservation agriculture practices showed marginal improvement with respect to infiltration rates and water storage.
Mahyar Naseri, Sascha C. Iden, and Wolfgang Durner
SOIL, 8, 99–112, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-99-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-99-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We simulated stony soils with low to high volumes of rock fragments in 3D using evaporation and multistep unit-gradient experiments. Hydraulic properties of virtual stony soils were identified under a wide range of soil matric potentials. The developed models for scaling the hydraulic conductivity of stony soils were evaluated under unsaturated flow conditions.
Danielle L. Gelardi, Irfan H. Ainuddin, Devin A. Rippner, Janis E. Patiño, Majdi Abou Najm, and Sanjai J. Parikh
SOIL, 7, 811–825, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-811-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-811-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biochar is purported to alter soil water dynamics and reduce nutrient loss when added to soils, though the mechanisms are often unexplored. We studied the ability of seven biochars to alter the soil chemical and physical environment. The flow of ammonium through biochar-amended soil was determined to be controlled through chemical affinity, and nitrate, to a lesser extent, through physical entrapment. These data will assist land managers in choosing biochars for specific agricultural outcomes.
Frederic Leuther and Steffen Schlüter
SOIL, 7, 179–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-179-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-179-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Freezing and thawing cycles are an important agent of soil structural transformation during the winter season in the mid-latitudes. This study shows that it promotes a well-connected pore system, fragments dense soil clods, and, hence, increases the unsaturated conductivity by a factor of 3. The results are important for predicting the structure formation and hydraulic properties of soils, with the prospect of milder winters due to climate change, and for farmers preparing the seedbed in spring.
Cosimo Brogi, Johan A. Huisman, Lutz Weihermüller, Michael Herbst, and Harry Vereecken
SOIL, 7, 125–143, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-125-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
There is a need in agriculture for detailed soil maps that carry quantitative information. Geophysics-based soil maps have the potential to deliver such products, but their added value has not been fully investigated yet. In this study, we compare the use of a geophysics-based soil map with the use of two commonly available maps as input for crop growth simulations. The geophysics-based product results in better simulations, with improvements that depend on precipitation, soil, and crop type.
Jaqueline Stenfert Kroese, John N. Quinton, Suzanne R. Jacobs, Lutz Breuer, and Mariana C. Rufino
SOIL, 7, 53–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-53-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-53-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Particulate macronutrient concentrations were up to 3-fold higher in a natural forest catchment compared to fertilized agricultural catchments. Although the particulate macronutrient concentrations were lower in the smallholder agriculture catchment, because of higher sediment loads from that catchment, the total particulate macronutrient loads were higher. Land management practices should be focused on agricultural land to reduce the loss of soil carbon and nutrients to the stream.
Yongjiu Dai, Wei Shangguan, Nan Wei, Qinchuan Xin, Hua Yuan, Shupeng Zhang, Shaofeng Liu, Xingjie Lu, Dagang Wang, and Fapeng Yan
SOIL, 5, 137–158, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-137-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-137-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Soil data are widely used in various Earth science fields. We reviewed soil property maps for Earth system models, which can also offer insights to soil data developers and users. Old soil datasets are often based on limited observations and have various uncertainties. Updated and comprehensive soil data are made available to the public and can benefit related research. Good-quality soil data are identified and suggestions on how to improve and use them are provided.
Reuven B. Simhayov, Tobias K. D. Weber, and Jonathan S. Price
SOIL, 4, 63–81, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-63-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-63-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Lab experiments were performed to understand solute transport in peat from an experimental fen. Transport was analyzed under saturated and unsaturated conditions using NaCl (salt). We tested the applicability of a physical-based model which finds a wide consensus vs. alternative models. Evidence indicated that Cl transport can be explained using a simple transport model. Hence, use of the physical transport mechanism in peat should be evidence based and not automatically assumed.
Sami Touil, Aurore Degre, and Mohamed Nacer Chabaca
SOIL, 2, 647–657, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-647-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-647-2016, 2016
Jean-Christophe Calvet, Noureddine Fritz, Christine Berne, Bruno Piguet, William Maurel, and Catherine Meurey
SOIL, 2, 615–629, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-615-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-615-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Soil thermal conductivity in wet conditions can be retrieved together with the soil quartz content using a reverse modelling technique based on sub-hourly soil temperature observations at three depths below the soil surface.
A pedotransfer function is proposed for quartz, for the considered region in France.
Gravels have a major impact on soil thermal conductivity, and omitting the soil organic matter information tends to enhance this impact.
Assefa D. Zegeye, Eddy J. Langendoen, Cathelijne R. Stoof, Seifu A. Tilahun, Dessalegn C. Dagnew, Fasikaw A. Zimale, Christian D. Guzman, Birru Yitaferu, and Tammo S. Steenhuis
SOIL, 2, 443–458, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-443-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-443-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Gully erosion rehabilitation programs in the humid Ethiopian highlands have not been effective, because the gully formation process and its controlling factors are not well understood. In this manuscript, the severity of gully erosion (onsite and offsite effect), the most controlling factors (e.g., ground water elevation) for gully formation, and their arresting mechanisms are discussed in detail. Most data were collected from the detailed measurements of 13 representative gullies.
Eléonore Beckers, Mathieu Pichault, Wanwisa Pansak, Aurore Degré, and Sarah Garré
SOIL, 2, 421–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-421-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-421-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Determining the behaviour of stony soils with respect to infiltration and storage of water is of major importance, since stony soils are widespread across the globe. The most common procedure to overcome this difficulty is to describe the hydraulic characteristics of a stony soils in terms of the fine fraction of soil corrected for the volume of stones present. Our study suggests that considering this hypothesis might be ill-founded, especially for saturated soils.
Mirjam J. D. Hack-ten Broeke, Joop G. Kroes, Ruud P. Bartholomeus, Jos C. van Dam, Allard J. W. de Wit, Iwan Supit, Dennis J. J. Walvoort, P. Jan T. van Bakel, and Rob Ruijtenberg
SOIL, 2, 391–402, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-391-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-391-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
For calculating the effects of hydrological measures on agricultural production in the Netherlands a new comprehensive and climate proof method is being developed: WaterVision Agriculture (in Dutch: Waterwijzer Landbouw). End users have asked for a method that considers current and future climate, which can quantify the differences between years and also the effects of extreme weather events.
Mamaru A. Moges, Fasikaw A. Zemale, Muluken L. Alemu, Getaneh K. Ayele, Dessalegn C. Dagnew, Seifu A. Tilahun, and Tammo S. Steenhuis
SOIL, 2, 337–349, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-337-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-337-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In tropical monsoonal Africa, sediment concentration data in rivers are lacking. Using occasional historically observed sediment loads, we developed a simple method for prediction sediment concentrations. Unlike previous methods, our techniques take into account that sediment concentrations decrease with the progression of the monsoon rains. With more testing, the developed method could improve sediment predictions in monsoonal climates.
Didier Michot, Zahra Thomas, and Issifou Adam
SOIL, 2, 241–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-241-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-241-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on temporal and spatial soil moisture changes along a toposequence crossed by a hedgerow, using ERT and occasional measurements. We found that the relationship between ER and soil moisture had two behaviors depending on soil heterogeneities. ER values were consistent with occasional measurements outside the root zone. The shift in this relationship was controlled by root system density and a particular topographical context in the proximity of the hedgerow.
Maha Deeb, Michel Grimaldi, Thomas Z. Lerch, Anne Pando, Agnès Gigon, and Manuel Blouin
SOIL, 2, 163–174, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-163-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-163-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper addresses the evolution of engineered soils (i.e., Technosols). The formation of such soils begins with proportional mixing of urban waste. Technosols are particularly well suited for investigating the role of organisms in soil function development. This is because they provide a controlled environment where the soil development can be monitored over time.
Organisms and their interaction with parent materials positively affect the structure of Technosols.
Z. Hazbavi and S. H. R. Sadeghi
SOIL, 2, 71–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-71-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-71-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates the influences of vinasse waste of sugarcane industries on runoff and soil loss at small plot scale. Laboratory results indicated that the vinasse at different levels could not significantly (P > 0.05) decrease the runoff amounts and soil loss rates in the study plots compared to untreated plots. The average amounts of minimum runoff volume and soil loss were about 3985 mL and 46 g for the study plot at a 1 L m−2 level of vinasse application.
S. Arnold and E. R. Williams
SOIL, 2, 41–48, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-41-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-41-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Soil water models are used to design cover systems for containing hazardous waste following mining. Often, soil invertebrates are omitted from these calculations, despite playing a major role in soil development (nutrient cycling) and water pathways (seepage, infiltration). As such, soil invertebrates can influence the success of waste cover systems. We propose that experiments in glasshouses, laboratories and field trials on mined lands be undertaken to provide knowledge for these models.
R. M. Nagare, P. Bhattacharya, J. Khanna, and R. A. Schincariol
SOIL, 1, 103–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-103-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-103-2015, 2015
Cited articles
Abrahams, A. D., Parsons, A. J., and Wainwright, J.: Resitstance to overland flow on semiarid grassland and shrubland hillslopes, J. Hydrol., 156, 431–446, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90088-4, 1994.
Ali, G., Oswald, C. J., Spence, C., Cammeraat, E. L. H., McGuire, K. J., Meixner, T., and Reaney, S. M.: Towards a unified threshold-based hydrological theory: necessary components and recurring challenges, Hydrol. Process., 27, 313–318, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9560, 2013.
Anderson, R. S. and Anderson, S. P.: Geomorphology: the mechanics and chemistry of landscapes, Cambridge University Press, 651 pp., ISBN: 978052151978, 2010.
Anderson, S. P., Dietrich, W. E., and Brimhall, G. H.: Weathering profiles, mass-balance analysis, and rates of solute loss: Linkages between weathering and erosion in a small, steep catchment, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 114, 1143–1158, 2002.
Anderson, S. P., von Blanckenburg, F., and White, A. F.: Physical and chemical controls on the critical zone, Elements, 3, 315–319, https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.3.5.315, 2007.
Anderson, S. P., Bales, R. C., and Duffy, C. J.: Critical Zone Observatories: Building a network to advance interdisciplinary study of Earth surface processes, Mineralogical Magazine, 72, 7–10, https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.7, 2008.
Anderson, S. P., Anderson, R. S., and Tucker, G. E.: Landscape scale linkages in critical zone evolution, Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 344, 586–596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2012.10.008, 2012.
Anderson, S. P., Foster, M. A., Anderson, S. W., Dühnforth, M., and Anderson, R. S.: Putting weathering into a landscape context: Variations in exhumation rates across the Colorado Front Range, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 17, 7992, 2015.
Attal, M., Mudd, S. M., Hurst, M. D., Weinman, B., Yoo, K., and Naylor, M.: Impact of change in erosion rate and landscape steepness on hillslope and fluvial sediments grain size in the Feather River basin (Sierra Nevada, California), Earth Surf. Dynam., 3, 201–222, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-201-2015, 2015.
Banwart, S., Manoj Menon, M., Bernasconi, S. M., Bloem, J., Blum, W. E. H., Maia de Souza, D., Davidsdotir, B., Duffy, C., Lair, G. J., Kram, P., Lamacova, A., Lundin, L., Nikolaidis, N. P., Novak, M., Panagos, P., Vala Ragnarsdottir, K., Robinson, D., Rousseva, S, de Ruiter, P., van Gaans, P., Weng, L., White, T., and Zhang, B.: Soil processes and functions across an international network of Critical Zone Observatories: Introduction to experimental methods and initial results, Comptes Rendus – Geoscience, 344, 758–772, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2012.10.007, 2012.
Bardgett, R., Anderson, J., Behan-Pelletier, V., Brussaard, L., Coleman, D., Ettema, C., Moldenke, A., Schimel, J., and Wall, D.: The influence of soil biodiversity on hydrological pathways and the transfer of materials between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, Ecosystems, 4, 421–429, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0020-5, 2001.
Barthold, F. K. and Woods, R. A.: Stormflow generation: A meta-analysis of field evidence from small, forested catchments, Water Resour. Res., 51, 3730–3753, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016221, 2015.
Beven, K. J.: Rainfall Runoff Modelling: The Primer, John Wiley, Chichester, ISBN: 978-0-470-71459-1, 2000.
Beven, K. and Germann, P.: Macropores and water flow in soils, Water Resour. Res., 18, 1311–1325, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i005p01311, 1982.
Beven, K. and Germann, P.: Macropores and water flow in soils revisited, Water Resour. Res., 49, 3071–3092, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20156, 2013.
Bracken, L. J. and Croke, J.: The concept of hydrological connectivity and its contribution to understanding runoff-dominated geomorphic systems, Hydrol. Process., 21, 1749–1763, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6313, 2007.
Bracken, L. J., Wainwright, J., Ali, G. A., Tetzlaff, D., Smith, M. W., Reaney, S. M., and Roy, A. G.: Concepts of hydrological connectivity: Research approaches, pathways and future agendas, Earth-Sci. Rev., 119, 17–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.02.001, 2013.
Bracken, L. J., Turnbull, L., Wainwright, J., and Bogaart, P.: Sediment connectivity: a framework for understanding sediment transfer at multiple scales, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 40, 177–188, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3635, 2015.
Brantley, S. L., Goldhaber, M. B., and Vala Ragnarsdottir, K.: Crossing Disciplines and Scales to Understand the Critical Zone, Elements, 3, 307–314, https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.3.5.307, 2007.
Brevik, E. C., Cerdà, A., Mataix-Solera, J., Pereg, L., Quinton, J. N., Six, J., and Van Oost, K.: The interdisciplinary nature of SOIL, SOIL, 1, 117–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-117-2015, 2015.
Bullard, J. E.: Contemporary glacigenic contributions to the dust cycle, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 38, 71–89, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3315, 2013.
Cammeraat, E. L. H., Cerda, A., and Imeson, A. C.: Ecohydrological adaptation of soils following land abandonment in a semi-arid environment, Ecohydrology, 3, 421–430, 2010.
Cerda, A.: Effects of rock fragment cover on soil infiltration, interrill runoff and erosion, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 52, 59–68, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.161, 2001.
Critchley, W., Siegert, K., and Chapman, C.: Water Harvesting: a manual for the design and construction of water harvesting schemes for plant production, FAO, Rome, 1991.
Darcy, H.: Les Fontaines Publiques de la Ville de Dijon, Dalmont, Paris, 647 pp., 1856.
Davidson, E. A.: The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860, Nature Geosci., 2, 659–662, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo608, 2009.
Dere, A., White, T., Jin, L., Harbor, D., Townsend, M., and Brantley, S. L.: Shale weathering rates across a continental-scale climosequence, Geography and Geology Faculty Proceedings & Presentations, Paper 1, available at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/geoggeolfacproc/1 (last access: December 2016), 2010.
Dunne, T. and Leopold, L. B.: Water in Environmental Planning, W H Freeman and Co, San Francisco, 818 pp., ISBN-10: 0716700794, 1978.
Egholm, D. L., Knudsen, M. F., and Sandiford, M.: Lifespan of mountain ranges scaled by feedbacks between landsliding and erosion by rivers, Nature, 498, 475–480, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12218, 2013.
Emberson, R., Hovius, N., Galy, A., and Marc, O.: Chemical weathering in active mountain belts controlled by stochastic bedrock landsliding, Nature Geosci., 9, 42–45, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2600, 2016.
Falkenberg, M., Rockstrom, J., and Karlberg, L.: Present and future water requirements for feeding humanity, Food Security, 1, 59–69, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-008-0003-x, 2009.
FAO: The Digitized Soil Map of the World. World Soil Resources Report 67, FAO Rome, 1961.
FAO: Land and Water Development Division, Land Resource Potential and Constraints at Regional and Country Levels, based on the work of A. J. Bot, F. O. Nachtergaele and A. Young, 114 pp., FAO, Rome, 2000.
FAO, IFAD and WFP: The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2015, Meeting the 2015 international hunger targets: taking stock of uneven progress, Rome, FAO, 2015.
FAO: AQUASTAT Main Database, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html (last access: June 2016), 2016.
Fleskens, L., Kirkby, M. J., and Irvine, B. J.: The PESERA-DESMICE Modeling Framework for Spatial Assessment of the Physical Impact and Economic Viability of Land Degradation Mitigation Technologies, Frontiers in Environmental Science, 4, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2016.00031, 2016.
Gabet, E. J., Reichman, O. J., and Seabloom, E. W.: The Effects of Bioturbation on Soil Processes and Sediment Transport, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 31, 249–273, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141314, 2003.
Gao, X. and Giorgi, F.: Increased aridity in the Mediterranean region under greenhouse gas forcing estimated from high resolution simulations with a regional climate model, Global Planet. Change, 62, 195–209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.02.002, 2008.
Gao, Y., Dang, X., Yu, Y., Li, Y., Liu, Y., and Wang, J.: Effects of Tillage Methods on Soil Carbon and Wind Erosion, Land Degrad. Develop., 27, 583–591, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2404, 2016.
Germann, P. F. and Beven, K. J.: Kinematic Wave Approximation to Infiltration into Soils with Sorbing Macropores, Water Resour. Res., 21, 990–996, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i007p00990, 1985.
Gilbert, G. K.: The Geology of the Henry Mountains, US Geographical and Geological Survey, Washington DC, 1877.
Graham, C. B., Woods, R. A., and McDonnell, J. J.: Hillslope threshold response to rainfall (1): a field based forensic approach, J. Hydrol., 393, 65–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.12.015, 2010.
Grayson, R. B., Western, A. W., Chiew, F. H. S., and Bloschl, G.: Preferred states in spatial soil moisture patterns: Local and nonlocal controls, Water Resour. Res., 33, 2897–2908, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR02174, 1997.
Green, W. H. and Ampt, G.: Studies of soil physics, part I – the flow of air and water through soils, J. Ag. Sci., 4, 1–24, 1911.
Haber-Pohlmeier, S., Bechtold, M., Stapf, S., and Pohlmeier, A.: Water Flow Monitored by Tracer Transport in Natural Porous Media Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vadose Zone J., 9, 835–845, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2009.0177, 2009.
Herold, N., Schöning, I., Michalzik, B., and Schrumpf, M.: Controls on soil carbon storage and turnover in German landscapes, Biogeochemistry, 119, 435–451, 2014.
Hewlett, J. D. and Hibbert, J. R.: Factors Affecting the Response of Small Watersheds to Precipitation in Humid Areas, in: Forest Hydrology, edited by: Sopper, W. E. and Lull, H. W., Pergamon Press, New York, 275–291 reprinted 2009: Progress in Physical Geography, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133309338118, 1967.
Hillel, D.: Soil and Water, Academic press, 288 pp., 1971.
Hoekstra, A. Y. and Mekonnen, M. M.: The water footprint of humanity, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 109, 3232–3237, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1109936109, 2012.
Horton, R. E.: The role of infiltration in the hydrologic cycle, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 14, 446–460, 1933.
Houyou, Z., Bielders, C. L., Benhorma, H. A., Dellal, A., and Boutemdjet, A.: Evidence of strong land degradation by wind erosion as a result of rainfed cropping in the Algerian steppe: A case study at Laghouat, Land Degradation and Development, 27, 1788–1796, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2295, 2014.
Howell, M. S.: Mineralogy and micromorphology of an Atacama Desert soil, Chile: A model for hyperarid pedogenesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones, Paper 52, 2009.
Jacobson, M. C., Charlson, R. J., Rodhe, H., and Orians, G. H.: Earth System Science: From Biogeochemical Cycles to Global Changes, International Geophysics Series 72, Elsevier, 526 pp., 2000.
Janzen, D. and McDonell, J. J.: A stochastic approach to modelling and understanding hillslope runoff connectivity dynamics, Ecol. Modell., 298, 64–74, 2015.
Jenny, H.: Factors of soil formation: a system of quantitative pedology, McGraw Hill, 281 pp., 1941.
Johnson, J. O., Mudd, S. M., Pillans, B., Spooner, N. A., Fifield, L. K., Kirkby, M. J., and Gloor, M.: Quantifying the rate and depth dependence of bioturbation based on optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates and meteoric 10Be, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39, 1188–1196, 2014.
Keesstra, S. D.: Impact of natural reforestation on floodplain sedimentation in the Dragonja valley, Slovenia, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 32, 49–65, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1360, 2007.
Keesstra, S. D., Geissen, V., Mosse, K., Piiranen, S., Scudiero, E., Leistra, M., and van Schaik, L.: Soil as a filter for groundwater quality, Current Opinion on Environmental Sustainability, 4, 507–516, 2012.
Keesstra, S. D., Bouma, J., Wallinga, J., Jansen, B., Mol, G., Munoz-Rojas, M., Nunes, J. P., and Montanarealla, L. (Eds.): Soil Science in a changing world:contributions of soil science for solving global challenges of our time, Soil, Special Issue, available at: http://www.soil-journal.net/special_issue823.html, 2016.
Kirchner, J. W., Feng, X., and Neal, C.: Fractal stream chemistry and its implications for contaminant transport in catchments, Nature, 403, 524–527, https://doi.org/10.1038/35000537, 2000.
Kirkby, M. J. (Ed.): Hillslope Hydrology, John Wiley, Chichester, 389 pp., ISBN: 978-0-471-99510-4, 1978.
Kirkby, M. J.: The basis for soil profile modelling in a geomorphic context, J. Soil Sci., 36, 97–121, 1985.
Kirkby, M. J.: Do not only connect: a model of infiltration-excess overland flow based on simulation, Earth Surf. Pro. Land., 39, 952–963, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3556, 2014.
Kirkby, M. J.: Modelling Soil Profiles In Their Landscape Context, Oral presentation & Abstract at AGU fall conference, San Francisco, 2015.
Kirkby, M. J., Irvine, B. J., Jones, R. J. A., Govers, G., and the PESERA team: The PESERA coarse scale erosion model for Europe: I – Model rationale and implementation, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 59, 1293–1306, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2008.01072.x, 2008.
Kirkby, M. J., Gallart, F., Kjeldsen, T. R., Irvine, B. J., Froebrich, J., Lo Porto, A., De Girolamo, A., and the MIRAGE team: Classifying low flow hydrological regimes at a regional scale, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 3741–3750, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3741-2011, 2011.
Knapen, A., Poesen, J., Govers, G., Gyssels, G., and Nachtergaele, J.: Resistance of soils to concentrated flow erosion: A review, Earth Sci. Rev. 80, 75–109, 2007.
Larsen, L. G., Choi, J., Nungesser, M. K., and Harvey, J. W.: Directional connectivity in hydrology and ecology, Ecol. Appl., 22, 2204–2220, 2012.
Lavee, H., Imeson, A. C., and Sarah, P.: The impact of climate change on geomorphology and desertification along a mediterranean-arid transect, Land Degrad. Develop., 9, 407–422, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-145X(199809/10)9:5<407::AID-LDR302>3.0.CO;2-6, 1998.
Lin, H.: Earth's Critical Zone and hydropedology: concepts, characteristics, and advances, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 25–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-25-2010, 2010.
McDonnell, J. J.: The two water worlds hypothesis: ecohydrological separation of water between streams and trees? Wiley Interdiciplinary reviews: Water, 1, 323–329, 2014.
McGuire, K. J. and McDonnell, J. J.: Hydrological connectivity of hillslopes and streams: Characteristic time scales and nonlinearities, Water Resour. Res., 26, W10543, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009341, 2010.
McRae, B. H., Dickson, B. G., Keitt, T. H., and Shah, V. B.: Using circuit theory to model connectivity in ecology, evolution, and conservation, Ecology, 89, 2712–2724, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1861.1, 2008.
Mazoyer, M. and Roudart, L.: A History of World Agriculture: From the Neolithic Age to the Current Crisis (English Translation), Monthly Review Press, 496 pp., ISBN-13: 978-1583671214, 2006.
Montgomery, D. R.: Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 104, 13268–13272, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611508104, 2007.
Montgomery, D. R. and Dietrich, W. E.: Channel initiation and the problme ofl andscape scale, Science, 255, 826–830, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.255.5046.826, 1992.
Mooney, S. J., Holden, N., Ward, S., and Collins, J. F.: Morphological observations of dye tracer infiltration and by-pass flow in milled peat, Plant and Soil, 208, 167–178, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004538207229, 1999.
Penuela, F. A., Javaux, M., and Bielders, C.: How do slope and surface roughness affect plot-scale overland flow connectivity?, J. Hydrol., 528, 192–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.06.031, 2015.
Philip, J. R.: The Theory of Infiltration: Sorptivity and Algebraic Infiltration Equation, Soil Sci., 84, 257–264, 1957.
Philip, J. R.: Theory of infiltration, Adv. Hydrosci., 5, 215–296, 1969.
Pimentel, D., Berger, B., Filiberto, D., Newton, M., Wolfe, B., Karabinakis, E., Clark, S., Poon, E., Abbett, E., and Nandagopal, S.: Water resources: Agricultural and environmental issues, Bioscience, 54, 909–918, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0909:WRAAEI]2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Poesen, J. W., Torri, D., and Bunte, K.: Effects of rock fragments on soil erosion by water at different spatial scales: a review, Catena, 23, 141–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(94)90058-2, 1994.
Prentice, I. C., Cramer, W. Harrison, S. P., Leemans, R., Monserud, R. A., and Solomon, A. M.: A Global Biome Model Based on Plant Physiology and Dominance, Soil Properties and Climate, J. Biogeogr., 19,117–134, https://doi.org/10.2307/2845499, 1992.
Reaney, S. M., Bracken, L. J., and Kirkby, M. J.: The importance of surface controls on overland flow connectivity in semi-arid environments: results from a numerical experimental approach, Hydrol. Process., 28, 2116–2128, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9769, 2014.
Richards, L. A.: Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums, Physics, 1, 318–333, 1931.
Riebe, C. S, Kirchner, J. W., and Finkel, R. C.: Long-term rates of chemical weathering and physical erosion from cosmogenic nuclides and geochemical mass balance, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 67, 4411–4427, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00382-X, 2003.
Roering, J. J., Kirchner, J. W., and Dietrich, W. E.: Hillslope evolution by nonlinear slope-dependent transport: Steady-state morphology and equilibrium adjustment timescales, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 16499–16513, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001822, 2001.
Rommens, T., Verstraeten, G., Poesen, J., Govers, G., van Rompaey, A., Peeters, I., and Lang, A.: Soil erosion and sediment deposition in the Belgian loess belt during the Holocene: establishing a sediment budget for a small agicultural catchment, The Holocene, 15, 1032–1043, https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683605hl876ra, 2005.
Sadras, V., Grassini, P., and Steduto, P.: Status of water use efficiency of main crops, in: The state of world's land and water resources for food and agriculture (SOLAW), FAO, Rome and Earthscan, London, 2011.
Sanjuan, Y., Gomez-Vilar, A., Nadal-Romero, E., Alvarez-Martinez, J., Arnaez, J., Serrano-Muela, M. P., Rubiales, J. M., Gonzalez-Samperiz, P., and Garcia-Ruiz, J. M.: Linking land cover changes in the Sub-Alpins and Montane belts to changes in a torrential river, Land Degrad. Develop., 27, 179–189, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2294, 2014.
Scheiter, S., Langan, L., and Higgins, S. I.: Next-generation dynamic global vegetation models: learning from community ecology, New Phytol., 198, 957–969, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12210, 2013.
Schymanski, S. J., Sivapalan, M., Roderick, M. L., Beringer, J., and Hutley, L. B.: An optimality-based model of the coupled soil moisture and root dynamics, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 913–932, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-913-2008, 2008.
Sivapalan, M., Beven, K., and Wood, E. F.: On hydrologic similarity: 2. A scaled model of storm runoff production, Water Resour. Res., 23, 2266–2278, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i012p02266, 1987.
Stauffer, D. and Aharony, A.: Introduction to percolation theory, Taylor and Francis, London, 193 pp., 1985.
Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockstrom, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., Biggs, R., Carpenter, S. R., de Vries, W., de Wit, C. A., Folke, C., Gertem, D., Heinke, J., Mace, G. M., Persson, L. M., Ramanathan, V., Reyers, B., and Sorlin, S.: Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet, Science, 347, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855, 2015.
Tarboton, D. G.: Rainfall-runoff processes, Technical report, Utah State University, 2003.
Tetzlaff, D., Soulsby, C., and Birkel, C.: Hydrological connectivity and microbiological fluxes in montane catchments: the role of seasonality and climatic variability, Hydrol. Process., 24, 1231–1235, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7680, 2010.
Tromp-van Meerveld, H. J. and McDonnell, J. J.: Threshold relations in subsurface stormflow 2: The fill and spill hypothesis: an explanation for observed threshold behavior in subsurface stormflow, Water Resour. Res., 42, W02411, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003800, 2006.
Tucker, G. E., Lancaster, S., Gasparini, N., and Bras, R.: Top of Form The channel-hillslope integrated landscape development model (CHILD), in: Book Landscape erosion and evolution modelling, edited by: Harmon, R. S. and Doe III, W. W., Kluwer Academic/ Plenum, NY, 349–388, ISBN 0-306-46718-6, 2001.
Van Oost, K., Govers, G., Quine, T. A., Heckrath, G., Olesen, J. E., De Gryze, S., and Merckx, R.: Landscape-scale modeling of carbon cycling under the impact of soil redistribution: The role of tillage erosion, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002471, 2005.
Vitousek, P., Dixon, J. L., and Chadwick, O. A.: Parent material and pedogenic thresholds: observations and a simple model 2016, Biogeochemistry, 130, 147–157, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-016-0249-x, 2016.
Weiler, M. and Naef, F.: An Experimental Tracer Study of the Role of Macropores in Infiltration in Grassland Soils, Hydrol. Process., 17, 477–493, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1136, 2003.
Wright, R. J., Boyer, D. G., Winant, W. M., and Perry, H. D.: The influence of soil factors on yield differences among landscape positions in an Appalachian cornfield, Soil Sci., 149, 375–382, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199006000-00009, 1990.
Zhao, C., Gao, J., Huang, Y., Wang, G., and Zhang, M.: Effects of Vegetation Stems on Hydraulics of Overland Flow Under Varying Water Discharges, Land Degrad. Develop., 27, 748–757, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2423, 2016.
Zimmer, Y.: Production Cost in the EU and in Third Countries: past Trends, Structures and Levels, Workshop on the Outlook for EU Agriculture by COPA, COGECA, European Crop Protection & Fertilizers Europe, Brussels, 2012.
Short summary
The review paper surveys the state of the art with respect to water in the critical zone, taking a broad view that concentrates on the global range of natural soils, identifying some areas of currently active research.
The review paper surveys the state of the art with respect to water in the critical zone, taking...
