Articles | Volume 10, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-699-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-699-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Original research article
| 
10 Oct 2024
Original research article |
| 10 Oct 2024
| 10 Oct 2024
Diachronic assessment of soil organic C and N dynamics under long-term no-till cropping systems in the tropical upland of Cambodia
Cambodian Conservation Agriculture Research for Development Centre, Department of Agricultural Land Resources Management, General Directorate of Agriculture, MAFF, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
AIDA, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Rémi Cardinael
AIDA, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Harare, Zimbabwe
Department of Plant Production Sciences and Technologies, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
Florent Tivet
Cambodian Conservation Agriculture Research for Development Centre, Department of Agricultural Land Resources Management, General Directorate of Agriculture, MAFF, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
AIDA, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Vang Seng
Cambodian Conservation Agriculture Research for Development Centre, Department of Agricultural Land Resources Management, General Directorate of Agriculture, MAFF, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Phearum Mark
Cambodian Conservation Agriculture Research for Development Centre, Department of Agricultural Land Resources Management, General Directorate of Agriculture, MAFF, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Pascal Lienhard
AIDA, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
Northern Mountainous Agriculture – and Forestry Science Institute – Phu Ho commune Phu Tho District Phu Tho, Vietnam
CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Hanoi, Vietnam
Titouan Filloux
AIDA, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
Johan Six
Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Lyda Hok
Center of Excellence on Sustainable Agricultural Intensification and Nutrition, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Stéphane Boulakia
AIDA, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
Clever Briedis
Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs s/n 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
João Carlos de Moraes Sá
School of Environment and Natural Resources, Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Laurent Thuriès
CIRAD, UPR Recyclage et Risque, 34398 Montpellier, France
Recyclage et Risque, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
Related authors
No articles found.
Claude Raoul Müller, Johan Six, Daniel Mugendi Njiru, Bernard Vanlauwe, and Marijn Van de Broek
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2796, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2796, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how different organic and inorganic nutrient inputs affect soil organic carbon (SOC) down to 70 cm in Kenya. After 19 years, all organic treatments increased SOC stocks as compared to the control, but mineral nitrogen had no significant effect. Manure was the organic treatment that significantly increased SOC the deepest as its effect could be observed down to 60 cm. Manure was the best strategy to limit SOC loss in croplands and maintain soil quality after deforestation.
Moritz Laub, Magdalena Necpalova, Marijn Van de Broek, Marc Corbeels, Samuel Mathu Ndungu, Monicah Wanjiku Mucheru-Muna, Daniel Mugendi, Rebecca Yegon, Wycliffe Waswa, Bernard Vanlauwe, and Johan Six
Biogeosciences, 21, 3691–3716, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3691-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3691-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used the DayCent model to assess the potential impact of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) on maize production, soil fertility, and greenhouse gas emission in Kenya. After adjustments, DayCent represented measured mean yields and soil carbon stock changes well and N2O emissions acceptably. Our results showed that soil fertility losses could be reduced but not completely eliminated with ISFM and that, while N2O emissions increased with ISFM, emissions per kilogram yield decreased.
Roxanne Daelman, Marijn Bauters, Matti Barthel, Emmanuel Bulonza, Lodewijk Lefevre, José Mbifo, Johan Six, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Benjamin Wolf, Ralf Kiese, and Pascal Boeckx
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2346, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2346, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The increase in atmospheric concentrations of several greenhouse gasses (GHG) since 1750 is attributed to human activity, however natural ecosystems, such as tropical forests, also contribute to GHG budgets. The Congo basin hosts the second largest tropical forest and is understudied. In this study, measurements of soil GHG exchange were carried out during 16 months in a tropical forest in the Congo Basin. Overall, the soil acted as a major source for CO2 and N2O and a minor sink for CH4.
Marijn Van de Broek, Gerard Govers, Marion Schrumpf, and Johan Six
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2205, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2205, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Soil organic carbon models are used to predict how soils affect the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. We show that equifinality – the phenomenon that different parameter values lead to correct overall model outputs, albeit with a different model behaviour – is an important source of model uncertainty. Our results imply that adding more complexity to soil organic carbon models is unlikely to lead to better predictions, as long as more data to constrain model parameters are not available.
Claude Raoul Müller, Johan Six, Liesa Brosens, Philipp Baumann, Jean Paolo Gomes Minella, Gerard Govers, and Marijn Van de Broek
SOIL, 10, 349–365, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-349-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-349-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Subsoils in the tropics are not as extensively studied as those in temperate regions. In this study, the conversion of forest to agriculture in a subtropical region affected the concentration of stabilized organic carbon (OC) down to 90 cm depth, while no significant differences between 90 cm and 300 cm were detected. Our results suggest that subsoils below 90 cm are unlikely to accumulate additional stabilized OC through reforestation over decadal periods due to declining OC input with depth.
Johan Six, Sebastian Doetterl, Moritz Laub, Claude R. Müller, and Marijn Van de Broek
SOIL, 10, 275–279, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-275-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-275-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Soil C saturation has been tested in several recent studies and led to a debate about its existence. We argue that, to test C saturation, one should pay attention to six fundamental principles: the right measures, the right units, the right dispersive energy and application, the right soil type, the right clay type, and the right saturation level. Once we take care of those six rights across studies, we find support for a maximum of C stabilized by minerals and thus soil C saturation.
Armwell Shumba, Regis Chikowo, Christian Thierfelder, Marc Corbeels, Johan Six, and Rémi Cardinael
SOIL, 10, 151–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-151-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-151-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Conservation agriculture (CA), combining reduced or no tillage, permanent soil cover, and improved rotations, is often promoted as a climate-smart practice. However, our knowledge of the impact of CA on top- and subsoil soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in the low-input cropping systems of sub-Saharan Africa is rather limited. Using two long-term experimental sites with different soil types, we found that mulch could increase top SOC stocks, but no tillage alone had a slightly negative impact.
Mosisa Tujuba Wakjira, Nadav Peleg, Johan Six, and Peter Molnar
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-37, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-37, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
While rainwater is a key resource in crop production, its productivity faces challenges from climate change. Using a simple model of climate, water, and crop yield interactions, we found that rain-scarce croplands in Ethiopia are likely to experience decreases in crop yield during the main growing season, primarily due to future temperature increases. These insights are crucial for shaping future water management plans, policies, and informed decision-making for climate adaptation.
Moritz Laub, Sergey Blagodatsky, Marijn Van de Broek, Samuel Schlichenmaier, Benjapon Kunlanit, Johan Six, Patma Vityakon, and Georg Cadisch
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 931–956, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-931-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-931-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To manage soil organic matter (SOM) sustainably, we need a better understanding of the role that soil microbes play in aggregate protection. Here, we propose the SAMM model, which connects soil aggregate formation to microbial growth. We tested it against data from a tropical long-term experiment and show that SAMM effectively represents the microbial growth, SOM, and aggregate dynamics and that it can be used to explore the importance of aggregate formation in SOM stabilization.
Moritz Laub, Marc Corbeels, Antoine Couëdel, Samuel Mathu Ndungu, Monicah Wanjiku Mucheru-Muna, Daniel Mugendi, Magdalena Necpalova, Wycliffe Waswa, Marijn Van de Broek, Bernard Vanlauwe, and Johan Six
SOIL, 9, 301–323, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In sub-Saharan Africa, long-term low-input maize cropping threatens soil fertility. We studied how different quality organic inputs combined with mineral N fertilizer could counteract this. Farmyard manure was the best input to counteract soil carbon loss; mineral N fertilizer had no effect on carbon. Yet, the rates needed to offset soil carbon losses are unrealistic for farmers (>10 t of dry matter per hectare and year). Additional agronomic measures may be needed.
Kristof Van Oost and Johan Six
Biogeosciences, 20, 635–646, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-635-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-635-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The direction and magnitude of the net erosion-induced land–atmosphere C exchange have been the topic of a big scientific debate for more than a decade now. Many have assumed that erosion leads to a loss of soil carbon to the atmosphere, whereas others have shown that erosion ultimately leads to a carbon sink. Here, we show that the soil carbon erosion source–sink paradox is reconciled when the broad range of temporal and spatial scales at which the underlying processes operate are considered.
Kenji Fujisaki, Tiphaine Chevallier, Antonio Bispo, Jean-Baptiste Laurent, François Thevenin, Lydie Chapuis-Lardy, Rémi Cardinael, Christine Le Bas, Vincent Freycon, Fabrice Bénédet, Vincent Blanfort, Michel Brossard, Marie Tella, and Julien Demenois
SOIL, 9, 89–100, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-89-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-89-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a first comprehensive thesaurus for management practices driving soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. So far, a comprehensive thesaurus of management practices in agriculture and forestry has been lacking. It will help to merge datasets, a promising way to evaluate the impacts of management practices in agriculture and forestry on SOC. Identifying the drivers of SOC stock changes is of utmost importance to contribute to global challenges (climate change, food security).
Charlotte Decock, Juhwan Lee, Matti Barthel, Elizabeth Verhoeven, Franz Conen, and Johan Six
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-221, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-221, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
One of the least well understood processes in the nitrogen (N) cycle is the loss of nitrogen gas (N2), referred to as total denitrification. This is mainly due to the difficulty of quantifying total denitrification in situ. In this study, we developed and tested a novel modeling approach to estimate total denitrification over the depth profile, based on concentrations and isotope values of N2O. Our method will help close N budgets and identify management strategies that reduce N pollution.
Tegawende Léa Jeanne Ilboudo, Lucien NGuessan Diby, Delwendé Innocent Kiba, Tor Gunnar Vågen, Leigh Ann Winowiecki, Hassan Bismarck Nacro, Johan Six, and Emmanuel Frossard
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-209, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-209, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Our results showed that at landscape level SOC stock variability was mainly explained by clay content. We found significant linear positive relationships between VC and SOC stocks for the land uses annual croplands, perennial croplands, grasslands and bushlands without soil depth restrictions until 110 cm. We concluded that in the forest-savanna transition zone, soil properties and topography determine land use, which in turn affects the stocks of SOC and TN and to some extent the VC stocks.
Philipp Baumann, Juhwan Lee, Emmanuel Frossard, Laurie Paule Schönholzer, Lucien Diby, Valérie Kouamé Hgaza, Delwende Innocent Kiba, Andrew Sila, Keith Sheperd, and Johan Six
SOIL, 7, 717–731, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-717-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-717-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work delivers openly accessible and validated calibrations for diagnosing 26 soil properties based on mid-infrared spectroscopy. These were developed for four regions in Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire, including 80 fields of smallholder farmers. The models can help to site-specifically and cost-efficiently monitor soil quality and fertility constraints to ameliorate soils and yields of yam or other staple crops in the four regions between the humid forest and the northern Guinean savanna.
Laura Summerauer, Philipp Baumann, Leonardo Ramirez-Lopez, Matti Barthel, Marijn Bauters, Benjamin Bukombe, Mario Reichenbach, Pascal Boeckx, Elizabeth Kearsley, Kristof Van Oost, Bernard Vanlauwe, Dieudonné Chiragaga, Aimé Bisimwa Heri-Kazi, Pieter Moonen, Andrew Sila, Keith Shepherd, Basile Bazirake Mujinya, Eric Van Ranst, Geert Baert, Sebastian Doetterl, and Johan Six
SOIL, 7, 693–715, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-693-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-693-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a soil mid-infrared library with over 1800 samples from central Africa in order to facilitate soil analyses of this highly understudied yet critical area. Together with an existing continental library, we demonstrate a regional analysis and geographical extrapolation to predict total carbon and nitrogen. Our results show accurate predictions and highlight the value that the data contribute to existing libraries. Our library is openly available for public use and for expansion.
Sebastian Doetterl, Rodrigue K. Asifiwe, Geert Baert, Fernando Bamba, Marijn Bauters, Pascal Boeckx, Benjamin Bukombe, Georg Cadisch, Matthew Cooper, Landry N. Cizungu, Alison Hoyt, Clovis Kabaseke, Karsten Kalbitz, Laurent Kidinda, Annina Maier, Moritz Mainka, Julia Mayrock, Daniel Muhindo, Basile B. Mujinya, Serge M. Mukotanyi, Leon Nabahungu, Mario Reichenbach, Boris Rewald, Johan Six, Anna Stegmann, Laura Summerauer, Robin Unseld, Bernard Vanlauwe, Kristof Van Oost, Kris Verheyen, Cordula Vogel, Florian Wilken, and Peter Fiener
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4133–4153, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4133-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4133-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The African Tropics are hotspots of modern-day land use change and are of great relevance for the global carbon cycle. Here, we present data collected as part of the DFG-funded project TropSOC along topographic, land use, and geochemical gradients in the eastern Congo Basin and the Albertine Rift. Our database contains spatial and temporal data on soil, vegetation, environmental properties, and land management collected from 136 pristine tropical forest and cropland plots between 2017 and 2020.
Philipp Baumann, Anatol Helfenstein, Andreas Gubler, Armin Keller, Reto Giulio Meuli, Daniel Wächter, Juhwan Lee, Raphael Viscarra Rossel, and Johan Six
SOIL, 7, 525–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-525-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-525-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed the Swiss mid-infrared spectral library and a statistical model collection across 4374 soil samples with reference measurements of 16 properties. Our library incorporates soil from 1094 grid locations and 71 long-term monitoring sites. This work confirms once again that nationwide spectral libraries with diverse soils can reliably feed information to a fast chemical diagnosis. Our data-driven reduction of the library has the potential to accurately monitor carbon at the plot scale.
Mario Reichenbach, Peter Fiener, Gina Garland, Marco Griepentrog, Johan Six, and Sebastian Doetterl
SOIL, 7, 453–475, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-453-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-453-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In deeply weathered tropical rainforest soils of Africa, we found that patterns of soil organic carbon stocks differ between soils developed from geochemically contrasting parent material due to differences in the abundance of organo-mineral complexes, the presence/absence of chemical stabilization mechanisms of carbon with minerals and the presence of fossil organic carbon from sedimentary rocks. Physical stabilization mechanisms by aggregation provide additional protection of soil carbon.
Sophie F. von Fromm, Alison M. Hoyt, Markus Lange, Gifty E. Acquah, Ermias Aynekulu, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Stephan M. Haefele, Steve P. McGrath, Keith D. Shepherd, Andrew M. Sila, Johan Six, Erick K. Towett, Susan E. Trumbore, Tor-G. Vågen, Elvis Weullow, Leigh A. Winowiecki, and Sebastian Doetterl
SOIL, 7, 305–332, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated various soil and climate properties that influence soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations in sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings indicate that climate and geochemistry are equally important for explaining SOC variations. The key SOC-controlling factors are broadly similar to those for temperate regions, despite differences in soil development history between the two regions.
Anatol Helfenstein, Philipp Baumann, Raphael Viscarra Rossel, Andreas Gubler, Stefan Oechslin, and Johan Six
SOIL, 7, 193–215, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-193-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-193-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we show that a soil spectral library (SSL) can be used to predict soil carbon at new and very different locations. The importance of this finding is that it requires less time-consuming lab work than calibrating a new model for every local application, while still remaining similar to or more accurate than local models. Furthermore, we show that this method even works for predicting (drained) peat soils, using a SSL with mostly mineral soils containing much less soil carbon.
Simon Baumgartner, Marijn Bauters, Matti Barthel, Travis W. Drake, Landry C. Ntaboba, Basile M. Bazirake, Johan Six, Pascal Boeckx, and Kristof Van Oost
SOIL, 7, 83–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-83-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-83-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We compared stable isotope signatures of soil profiles in different forest ecosystems within the Congo Basin to assess ecosystem-level differences in N cycling, and we examined the local effect of topography on the isotopic signature of soil N. Soil δ15N profiles indicated that the N cycling in in the montane forest is more closed, whereas the lowland forest and Miombo woodland experienced a more open N cycle. Topography only alters soil δ15N values in forests with high erosional forces.
Simon Baumgartner, Matti Barthel, Travis William Drake, Marijn Bauters, Isaac Ahanamungu Makelele, John Kalume Mugula, Laura Summerauer, Nora Gallarotti, Landry Cizungu Ntaboba, Kristof Van Oost, Pascal Boeckx, Sebastian Doetterl, Roland Anton Werner, and Johan Six
Biogeosciences, 17, 6207–6218, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6207-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6207-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soil respiration is an important carbon flux and key process determining the net ecosystem production of terrestrial ecosystems. The Congo Basin lacks studies quantifying carbon fluxes. We measured soil CO2 fluxes from different forest types in the Congo Basin and were able to show that, even though soil CO2 fluxes are similarly high in lowland and montane forests, the drivers were different: soil moisture in montane forests and C availability in the lowland forests.
Long Ho, Ruben Jerves-Cobo, Matti Barthel, Johan Six, Samuel Bode, Pascal Boeckx, and Peter Goethals
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-311, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-311, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers are being polluted by human activities, especially in urban areas. We studied the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from an urban river system. The results showed a clear trend between water quality and GHG emissions in which the more polluted the sites were, the higher were their emissions. When river water quality worsened, its contribution to global warming can go up by 10 times. Urban rivers emitted 4-times more than of the amount of GHGs compared to rivers in natural sites.
Marijn Van de Broek, Shiva Ghiasi, Charlotte Decock, Andreas Hund, Samuel Abiven, Cordula Friedli, Roland A. Werner, and Johan Six
Biogeosciences, 17, 2971–2986, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2971-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2971-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Four wheat cultivars were labeled with 13CO2 to quantify the effect of rooting depth and root biomass on the belowground transfer of organic carbon. We found no clear relation between the time since cultivar development and the amount of carbon inputs to the soil. Therefore, the hypothesis that wheat cultivars with a larger root biomass and deeper roots promote carbon stabilization was rejected. The amount of root biomass that will be stabilized in the soil on the long term is, however, unknown.
Stephen J. Harris, Jesper Liisberg, Longlong Xia, Jing Wei, Kerstin Zeyer, Longfei Yu, Matti Barthel, Benjamin Wolf, Bryce F. J. Kelly, Dioni I. Cendón, Thomas Blunier, Johan Six, and Joachim Mohn
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2797–2831, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2797-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2797-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The latest commercial laser spectrometers have the potential to revolutionize N2O isotope analysis. However, to do so, they must be able to produce trustworthy data. Here, we test the performance of widely used laser spectrometers for ambient air applications and identify instrument-specific dependencies on gas matrix and trace gas concentrations. We then provide a calibration workflow to facilitate the operation of these instruments in order to generate reproducible and accurate data.
Karl Voglmeier, Johan Six, Markus Jocher, and Christof Ammann
Biogeosciences, 16, 1685–1703, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1685-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1685-2019, 2019
Tino Colombi, Florian Walder, Lucie Büchi, Marlies Sommer, Kexing Liu, Johan Six, Marcel G. A. van der Heijden, Raphaël Charles, and Thomas Keller
SOIL, 5, 91–105, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-91-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-91-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The role of soil aeration in carbon sequestration in arable soils has only been explored little, especially at the farm level. The current study, which was conducted on 30 fields that belong to individual farms, reveals a positive relationship between soil gas transport capability and soil organic carbon content. We therefore conclude that soil aeration needs to be accounted for when developing strategies for carbon sequestration in arable soil.
Elizabeth Verhoeven, Matti Barthel, Longfei Yu, Luisella Celi, Daniel Said-Pullicino, Steven Sleutel, Dominika Lewicka-Szczebak, Johan Six, and Charlotte Decock
Biogeosciences, 16, 383–408, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-383-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-383-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study utilized state-of-the-art measurements of nitrogen isotopes to evaluate nitrogen cycling and to assess the biological sources of the potent greenhouse gas, N2O, in response to water-saving practices in rice systems. Water-saving practices did emit more N2O, and high N2O production had a lower 15N isotope signature. Modeling and visual interpretation indicate that these emissions mostly came from denitrification or nitrifier denitrification, controlled upstream by nitrification rates.
Rémi Cardinael, Bertrand Guenet, Tiphaine Chevallier, Christian Dupraz, Thomas Cozzi, and Claire Chenu
Biogeosciences, 15, 297–317, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-297-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-297-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The introduction of trees in an agricultural field modifies organic matter (OM) inputs to the soil (litterfall, root litter), the microclimate, and the stabilization and decomposition processes of OM. These changes could affect soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, but the importance of each process is not well known. In a long-term agroforestry trial, we showed that SOC storage could be explained by high OM inputs to the soil but that enhanced decomposition could also have reduced this potential.
R. Hüppi, R. Felber, A. Neftel, J. Six, and J. Leifeld
SOIL, 1, 707–717, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-707-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-707-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Biochar is considered an opportunity to tackle major environmental issues in agriculture. Adding pyrolised organic residues to soil may sequester carbon, increase yields and reduce nitrous oxide emissions from soil. It is unknown, whether the latter is induced by changes in soil pH. We show that biochar application substantially reduces nitrous oxide emissions from a temperate maize cropping system. However, the reduction was only achieved with biochar but not with liming.
C. Decock, J. Lee, M. Necpalova, E. I. P. Pereira, D. M. Tendall, and J. Six
SOIL, 1, 687–694, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-687-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-687-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Further progress in understanding and mitigating N2O emissions from soil lies within transdisciplinary research that reaches across spatial scales and takes an ambitious look into the future.
M. S. Torn, A. Chabbi, P. Crill, P. J. Hanson, I. A. Janssens, Y. Luo, C. H. Pries, C. Rumpel, M. W. I. Schmidt, J. Six, M. Schrumpf, and B. Zhu
SOIL, 1, 575–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-575-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-575-2015, 2015
B. Wolf, L. Merbold, C. Decock, B. Tuzson, E. Harris, J. Six, L. Emmenegger, and J. Mohn
Biogeosciences, 12, 2517–2531, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2517-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2517-2015, 2015
S. Doetterl, J.-T. Cornelis, J. Six, S. Bodé, S. Opfergelt, P. Boeckx, and K. Van Oost
Biogeosciences, 12, 1357–1371, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1357-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1357-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We link the mineralogy of soils affected by erosion and deposition to the distribution of soil carbon fractions, their turnover and microbial activity. We show that the weathering status of soils and their history are controlling the stabilization of carbon with minerals. After burial, aggregated C is preserved more efficiently while non-aggregated C can be released and younger C re-sequestered more easily. Weathering changes the effectiveness of stabilization mechanism limiting this C sink.
E. C. Brevik, A. Cerdà, J. Mataix-Solera, L. Pereg, J. N. Quinton, J. Six, and K. Van Oost
SOIL, 1, 117–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-117-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-117-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides a brief accounting of some of the many ways that the study of soils can be interdisciplinary, therefore giving examples of the types of papers we hope to see submitted to SOIL.
Cited articles
ADB: Cambodia Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Rural Development Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map, Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines, No. TCS210256-2, https://doi.org/10.22617/TCS210256-2, 2021.
Adjei-Nsiah, S., Kuyper, T. W., Leeuwis, C., Abekoe, M. K., and Giller, K. E.: Evaluating sustainable and profitable cropping sequences with cassava and four legume crops: Effects on soil fertility and maize yields in the forest/savannah transitional agro-ecological zone of Ghana, Field Crops Res., 103, 87–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2007.05.001, 2007.
Angers, D. A. and Eriksen-Hamel, N. S.: Full-Inversion Tillage and Organic Carbon Distribution in Soil Profiles: A Meta-Analysis, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 72, 1370–1374, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2007.0342, 2008.
Balota, E. L., Lopes, E. S., Hungria, M., and Döbereiner, J.: Occurence of diazotrophic and arbuscular mycorhizal fungi on the cassava crop, Pesq. Agropec. Bras., 34, 1265–1276, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X1999000700020, 1999.
Barbier, E. B. and Di Falco, S.: Rural Populations, Land Degradation, and Living Standards in Developing Countries, Rev. Env. Econ. Policy, 15, 115–133, https://doi.org/10.1086/713152, 2021.
Barbier, E. B. and Hochard, J. P.: Land degradation and poverty, Nat. Sustain., 1, 623–631, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0155-4, 2018.
Bayer, C., Martin-Neto, L., Mielniczuk, J., Pavinato, A., and Dieckow, J.: Carbon sequestration in two Brazilian Cerrado soils under no-till, Soil Till. Res., 86, 237–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.02.023, 2006.
Beillouin, D., Corbeels, M., Demenois, J., Berre, D., Boyer, A., Fallot, A., Feder, F., and Cardinael, R.: A global meta-analysis of soil organic carbon in the Anthropocene, Nat. Commun., 14, 3700, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39338-z, 2023.
Bernoux, M., Feller, C., Cerri, C. C., Eschenbrenner, V., and Cerri, C. E. P.: Soil Carbon Sequestration, in: Soil Erosion And Carbon Dynamics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 13–22, ISBN-13: 978-1-56670-688-9, 2005.
Blanco-Canqui, H. and Lal, R.: No-Tillage and Soil-Profile Carbon Sequestration: An On-Farm Assessment, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 72, 693–701, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2007.0233, 2008.
Blanco-Canqui, H., Schlegel, A. J., and Heer, W. F.: Soil-profile distribution of carbon and associated properties in no-till along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plain, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 144, 107–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.07.004, 2011.
Blanco-Moure, N., Gracia, R., Bielsa, C., and Lopez, M. V.: Long-term no-tillage effects on particulate and mineral-associated soil organic matter under rainfed Mediterranean conditions, Soil Use Manag., 29, 250–259, https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12039, 2013.
Boddey, R. M., Jantalia, C. P., Conceição, P. C., Zanatta, J. A., Bayer, C., Mielniczuk, J., Dieckow, J., Dos Santos, H. P., Denardin, J. E., Aita, C., Giacomini, S. J., Alves, B. J. R., and Urquiaga, S.: Carbon accumulation at depth in Ferralsols under zero-till subtropical agriculture, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 784–795, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02020.x, 2010.
Bot, A. and Benites, J.: The importance of soil organic matter: key to drought-resistant soil and sustained food and production, FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 78 pp., ISBN: 92-5-105366-9, 2005.
Briedis, C., De Moraes Sá, J. C., Lal, R., Tivet, F., Franchini, J. C., De Oliveira Ferreira, A., Da Cruz Hartman, D., Schimiguel, R., Bressan, P. T., Inagaki, T. M., Romaniw, J., and Gonçalves, D. R. P.: How does no-till deliver carbon stabilization and saturation in highly weathered soils?, Catena, 163, 13–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.12.003, 2018.
CARDI: Annual report 2016, Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institue (CARDI), Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2017.
Castro, G. S. A., Crusciol, C. A. C., Calonego, J. C., and Rosolem, C. A.: Management Impacts on Soil Organic Matter of Tropical Soils, Vadose Zone J., 14, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2014.07.0093, 2015.
Congreves, K. A., Hooker, D. C., Hayes, A., Verhallen, E. A., and Van Eerd, L. L.: Interaction of long-term nitrogen fertilizer application, crop rotation, and tillage system on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics, Plant Soil, 410, 113–127, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-2986-y, 2017.
Cooper, H. V., Sjögersten, S., Lark, R. M., Girkin, N. T., Vane, C. H., Calonego, J. C., Rosolem, C., and Mooney, S. J.: Long-term zero-tillage enhances the protection of soil carbon in tropical agriculture, Europ. J. Soil Sci., 72, 2477–2492, https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13111, 2021.
Corbeels, M., Cardinael, R., Naudin, K., Guibert, H., and Torquebiau, E.: The 4 per 1000 goal and soil carbon storage under agroforestry and conservation agriculture systems in sub-Saharan Africa, Soil Till. Res., 188, 16–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.02.015, 2019.
Craswell, E. T. and Lefroy, R. D. B.: The role and function of organic matter in tropical soils, in: Managing Organic Matter in Tropical Soils: Scope and Limitations, edited by: Martius, C., Tiessen, H., and Vlek, P. L. G., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 7–18, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2172-1_2, 2001.
Crews, T. E. and Rumsey, B. E.: What Agriculture Can Learn from Native Ecosystems in Building Soil Organic Matter: A Review, Sustainability, 9, 578, https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040578, 2017.
Delgado, J. A.: Long-term nitrogen balance of an irrigated no-till soil-corn system, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 126, 229–243, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-023-10287-9, 2023.
De Vries, W.: Nutrients trigger carbon storage, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 425–426, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2255, 2014.
Diekow, J., Mielniczuk, J., Knicker, H., Bayer, C., Dick, D. P., and Kögel-Knabner, I.: Soil C and N stocks as affected by cropping systems and nitrogen fertilisation in a southern Brazil Acrisol managed under no-tillage for 17 years, Soil Till. Res., 81, 87–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.05.003, 2005.
Dragović, N. and Vulević, T.: Soil Degradation Processes, Causes, and Assessment Approaches, in: Life on Land, edited by: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A. M., Brandli, L., Lange Salvia, A., and Wall, T., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71065-5_86-1, 2020.
Du, Z., Angers, D. A., Ren, T., Zhang, Q., and Li, G.: The effect of no-till on organic C storage in Chinese soils should not be overemphasized: A meta-analysis, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 236, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.11.007, 2017.
Ellert, B. H. and Bettany, J. R.: Calculation of organic matter and nutrients stored in soils under contrasting management regimes, Can. J. Soil. Sci., 75, 529–538, https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss95-075, 1995.
Fermont, A. M., Van Asten, P. J. A., and Giller, K. E.: Increasing land pressure in East Africa: The changing role of cassava and consequences for sustainability of farming systems, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 128, 239–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.06.009, 2008.
Fowler, A. F., Basso, B., Millar, N., and Brinton, W. F.: A simple soil mass correction for a more accurate determination of soil carbon stock changes, Sci. Rep., 13, 2242, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29289-2, 2023.
Frasier, I., Noellemeyer, E., Figuerola, E., Erijman, L., Permingeat, H., and Quiroga, A.: High quality residues from cover crops favor changes in microbial community and enhance C and N sequestration, Glob. Ecol. Conserv., 6, 242–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2016.03.009, 2016.
Fujisaki, K., Chevallier, T., Chapuis-Lardy, L., Albrecht, A., Razafimbelo, T., Masse, D., Ndour, Y. B., and Chotte, J.-L.: Soil carbon stock changes in tropical croplands are mainly driven by carbon inputs: A synthesis, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 259, 147–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.12.008, 2018.
Hok, L., De Moraes Sá, J. C., Boulakia, S., Reyes, M., Leng, V., Kong, R., Tivet, F. E., Briedis, C., Hartman, D., Ferreira, L. A., Magno, T., and Pheav, S.: Short-term conservation agriculture and biomass-C input impacts on soil C dynamics in a savanna ecosystem in Cambodia, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 214, 54–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.08.013, 2015.
Hok, L., De Moraes Sá, J. C., Reyes, M., Boulakia, S., Tivet, F., Leng, V., Kong, R., Briedis, C., Da Cruz Hartman, D., Ferreira, L. A., Inagaki, T. M., Gonçalves, D. R. P., and Bressan, P. T.: Enzymes and C pools as indicators of C build up in short-term conservation agriculture in a savanna ecosystem in Cambodia, Soil Till. Res., 177, 125–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.11.015, 2018.
Hok, L., De Moraes Sá, J. C., Boulakia, S., Reyes, M., De Oliveira Ferreira, A., Elie Tivet, F., Saab, S., Auccaise, R., Massao Inagaki, T., Schimiguel, R., Aparecida Ferreira, L., Briedis, C., Santos Canalli, L. B., Kong, R., and Leng, V.: Dynamics of soil aggregate-associated organic carbon based on diversity and high biomass-C input under conservation agriculture in a savanna ecosystem in Cambodia, Catena, 198, 105065, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.105065, 2021.
Howeler, R. H. and Sieverding, E.: Potentials and limitations of mycorrhizal inoculation illustrated by experiments with field-grown cassava, Plant Soil, 75, 245–261, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02375570, 1983.
Howeler, R. H., Cadavid, L. F., and Burckhardt, E.: Response of cassava to VA mycorrhizal inoculation and phosphorus application in greenhouse and field experiments, Plant Soil, 69, 327–339, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372454, 1982.
IUSS Working Group WRB: World reference base for soil resources 2014: international soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps, FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, World Soil Resources Reports No. 106, ISBN: 978-92-5-108369-7, 2015.
Junior, C. C., Corbeels, M., Bernoux, M., Píccolo, M. C., Siqueira Neto, M., Feigl, B. J., Cerri, C. E. P., Cerri, C. C., Scopel, E., and Lal, R.: Assessing soil carbon storage rates under no-tillage: Comparing the synchronic and diachronic approaches, Soil Till. Res., 134, 207–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2013.08.010, 2013.
Kan, Z.-R., Liu, W.-Z., Liu, W.-S., Lal, R., Dang, Y. P., Zhao, X., and Zhang, H.-L.: Mechanisms of soil organic carbon stability and its response to no-till: A global synthesis and perspective, Glob. Change Biol., 28, 693–710, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15968, 2021.
Ken, S., Sasaki, N., Entani, T., Ma, H. O., Thuch, P., and Tsusaka, T. W.: Assessment of the Local Perceptions on the Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation, Agents of Drivers, and Appropriate Activities in Cambodia, Sustainability, 12, 9987, https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239987, 2020.
Kirkby, C. A., Richardson, A. E., Wade, L. J., Batten, G. D., Blanchard, C., and Kirkegaard, J. A.: Carbon-nutrient stoichiometry to increase soil carbon sequestration, Soil Biol. Biochem., 60, 77–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.01.011, 2013.
Kirkby, C. A., Richardson, A. E., Wade, L. J., Passioura, J. B., Batten, G. D., Blanchard, C., and Kirkegaard, J. A.: Nutrient availability limits carbon sequestration in arable soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 68, 402–409, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.09.032, 2014.
Koun, P., Vernet, P., Filloux, T., Sar, V., Seng, V., Srimongkol, P., Tantachasatid, P., Sen, R., Pheap, S., Tivet, F., and Thoumazeau, A.: Early effects of conservation agriculture on soil organic carbon dynamics of Mollisols in Cambodia, Soil Use Manag., 40, e12922, https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12922, 2023.
Kuzyakov, Y.: Review: Factors affecting rhizosphere priming effects, Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk., 165, 382–396, 2002.
Kuzyakov, Y., Friedel, J. K., and Stahr, K.: Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects, Soil Biol., 32, 1485–1498, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00084-5, 2000.
Lal, R.: Restoring Soil Quality to Mitigate Soil Degradation, Sustainability, 7, 5875–5895, https://doi.org/10.3390/su7055875, 2015a.
Lal, R.: Sequestering carbon and increasing productivity by conservation agriculture, J. Soil Water Conserv., 70, 55A–62A, https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.70.3.55A, 2015b.
Lal, R.: Digging deeper: A holistic perspective of factors affecting soil organic carbon sequestration in agroecosystems, Glob. Change Biol., 24, 3285–3301, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14054, 2018.
Lavallee, J. M., Soong, J. L., and Cotrufo, M. F.: Conceptualizing soil organic matter into particulate and mineral-associated forms to address global change in the 21st century, Glob. Change Biol., 26, 261–273, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14859, 2020.
Lavelle, P., Spain, A., Blouin, M., Brown, G., Decaëns, T., Grimaldi, M., Jiménez, J. J., McKey, D., Mathieu, J., Velasquez, E., and Zangerlé, A.: Ecosystem Engineers in a Self-organized Soil: A Review of Concepts and Future Research Questions, Soil Sci., 181, 91–109, https://doi.org/10.1097/SS.0000000000000155, 2016.
Leng, V., Cardinael, R., Tivet, F. E., Seng, V., Mark, P., Lienhard, P., Filloux, T., Six, J., Hok, L., Boulakia, S., Briedis, C., Sá, D. M. J. C., and Thuriès, L.: Data for “Diachronic assessment of soil organic C and N dynamics under long-term no-till cropping systems in the tropical upland of Cambodia”, CIRAD Dataverse [data set], https://doi.org/10.18167/DVN1/NNBBAQ, 2024.
Li, G., Yu, C., Shen, P., Hou, Y., Ren, Z., Li, N., Liao, Y., Li, T., and Wen, X.: Crop diversification promotes soil aggregation and carbon accumulation in global agroecosystems: A meta-analysis, J. Environ. Manag., 350, 119661, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119661, 2024.
Liang, C., Cheng, G., Wixon, D. L., and Balser, T. C.: An Absorbing Markov Chain approach to understanding the microbial role in soil carbon stabilization, Biogeochemistry, 106, 303–309, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-010-9525-3, 2011.
Lienhard, P., Tivet, F., Chabanne, A., Dequiedt, S., Lelièvre, M., Sayphoummie, S., Leudphanane, B., Prévost-Bouré, N. C., Séguy, L., Maron, P.-A., and Ranjard, L.: No-till and cover crops shift soil microbial abundance and diversity in Laos tropical grasslands, Agron. Sustain. Dev., 33, 375–384, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0099-4, 2013.
Liu, X., Wu, X., Liang, G., Zhang, M., Li, S., and Zheng, F.: A global meta-analysis of the impacts of no-tillage on soil aggregation and aggregate-associated organic carbon, Land Degrad. Dev., 32, 5292–5305, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4109, 2021.
Lorenz, K. and Lal, R.: The Depth Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon in Relation to Land Use and Management and the Potential of Carbon Sequestration in Subsoil Horizons, in: Advances in Agronomy,Vol. 88, Elsevier, 35–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(05)88002-2, 2005.
Luo, Z., Wang, E., and Sun, O. J.: Can no-tillage stimulate carbon sequestration in agricultural soils? A meta-analysis of paired experiments, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 139, 224–231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.08.006, 2010.
Lützow, M. V., Kögel-Knabner, I., Ekschmitt, K., Matzner, E., Guggenberger, G., Marschner, B., and Flessa, H.: Stabilization of organic matter in temperate soils: mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions – a review, Europ. J. Soil Sci., 57, 426–445, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00809.x, 2006.
MAFF: Land Degradation Neutrality Targets, https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/ldn_targets/Cambodia LDN TSP Country Report.pdf (last access: 11 October 2023), 2018.
Morugán-Coronado, A.: The impact of crop diversification, tillage and fertilization type on soil total microbial, fungal and bacterial abundance: A worldwide meta-analysis of agricultural sites, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 329, 107867, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.107867, 2022.
Neto, M. S., Scopel, E., Corbeels, M., Cardoso, A. N., Douzet, J.-M., Feller, C., Piccolo, M. D. C., Cerri, C. C., and Bernoux, M.: Soil carbon stocks under no-tillage mulch-based cropping systems in the Brazilian Cerrado: An on-farm synchronic assessment, Soil Till. Res., 110, 187–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2010.07.010, 2010.
Nkonya, E., Mirzabaev, A., and Von Braun, J. (Eds.): Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement – A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, ISBN: 978-3-319-19167-6, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19168-3, 2016.
Nut, N., Mihara, M., Jeong, J., Ngo, B., Sigua, G., Prasad, P. V. V., and Reyes, M. R.: Land Use and Land Cover Changes and Its Impact on Soil Erosion in Stung Sangkae Catchment of Cambodia, Sustainability, 13, 9276, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169276, 2021.
Obalum, S. E., Chibuike, G. U., Peth, S., and Ouyang, Y.: Soil organic matter as sole indicator of soil degradation, Environ. Monit. Assess., 189, 176, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-5881-y, 2017.
Ogle, S. M., Swan, A., and Paustian, K.: No-till management impacts on crop productivity, carbon input and soil carbon sequestration, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 149, 37–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.12.010, 2012.
Oliveira, F. C. C., Ferreira, G. W. D., Souza, J. L. S., Vieira, M. E. O., and Pedrotti, A.: Soil physical properties and soil organic carbon content in northeast Brazil: long-term tillage systems effects, Sci. Agric., 77, e20180166, https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992x-2018-0166, 2020.
Olson, K., Ebelhar, S. A., and Lang, J. M.: Long-Term Effects of Cover Crops on Crop Yields, Soil Organic Carbon Stocks and Sequestration, Open J. Soil Sci., 4, 284–292, https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2014.48030, 2014.
Paustian, K., Andrén, O., Janzen, H. H., Lal, R., Smith, P., Tian, G., Tiessen, H., Van Noordwijk, M., and Woomer, P. L.: Agricultural soils as a sink to mitigate CO 2 emissions, Soil Use Manag., 13, 230–244, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00594.x, 1997.
Pheap, S., Lefèvre, C., Thoumazeau, A., Leng, V., Boulakia, S., Koy, R., Hok, L., Lienhard, P., Brauman, A., and Tivet, F.: Multi-functional assessment of soil health under Conservation Agriculture in Cambodia, Soil Till. Res., 194, 104349, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.104349, 2019.
Poeplau, C. and Don, A.: Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils via cultivation of cover crops – A meta-analysis, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 200, 33–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.10.024, 2015.
Polyakov, V. and Lal, R.: Modeling soil organic matter dynamics as affected by soil water erosion, Environ. Int., 30, 547–556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2003.10.011, 2004.
Powlson, D. S., Prookes, P. C., and Christensen, B. T.: Measurement of soil microbial biomass provides an early indication of changes in total soil organic matter due to straw incorporation, Soil Biol. Biochem., 19, 159–164, https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(87)90076-9, 1987.
Powlson, D. S., Stirling, C. M., Thierfelder, C., White, R. P., and Jat, M. L.: Does conservation agriculture deliver climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration in tropical agro-ecosystems?, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 220, 164–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.005, 2016.
Prommer, J., Walker, T. W. N., Wanek, W., Braun, J., Zezula, D., Hu, Y., Hofhansl, F., and Richter, A.: Increased microbial growth, biomass, and turnover drive soil organic carbon accumulation at higher plant diversity, Glob. Change Biol., 26, 669–681, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14777, 2019.
R Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, https://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 4 December 2023), 2023.
Rodrigues, A. T. L., Giacomini, S. J., Dieckow, J., Cherubin, M. R., Sangiovo Ottonelli, A., and Bayer, C.: Carbon saturation deficit and litter quality drive the stabilization of litter-derived C in mineral-associated organic matter in long-term no-till soil, Catena, 219, 106590, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106590, 2022.
Rosolem, C. A., Li, Y., and Garcia, R. A.: Soil carbon as affected by cover crops under no-till under tropical climate, Soil Use Manag., 32, 495–503, https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12309, 2016.
Sá, D. M. J. C., Tivet, F., Lal, R., Briedis, C., Hartman, D. C., Dos Santos, J. Z., and Dos Santos, J. B.: Long-term tillage systems impacts on soil C dynamics, soil resilience and agronomic productivity of a Brazilian Oxisol, Soil Till. Res., 136, 38–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2013.09.010, 2014.
Saïdou, A., Kuyper, T. W., Kossou, D. K., Tossou, R., and Richards, P.: Sustainable soil fertility management in Benin: learning from farmers, NJAS – Wagen. J. Life Sc., 52, 349–369, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-5214(04)80021-6, 2004.
Sar, V.: Biofunctool® Approach Assessing Soil Quality under Conservation Agriculture and Conventional Tillage for Rain- fed Lowland Rice Systems in Cambodia, Int. J. Environ. Rural Dev., 12, 162–171, 2021.
Séguy, L., Bouzinac, S., and Husson, O.: Direct-seeded tropical soil systems with permanent soil cover: Learning from Brazilian experience, in: Biological approaches to sustainable soil systems, edited by: Uphoff, N., Ball, S. A., Fernandes, E., Herren, H., Husson, O., Laing, M., Palm, C., Pretty, J., Sanchez, P., Sanginga, N., and Thies, J., Taylor and Francis, New York, USA, CRC Press, 323–342, ISBN: 978-0-429-13429-6, 2006.
Schmidt, R., Mitchell, J., and Scow, K.: Cover cropping and no-till increase diversity and symbiotroph:saprotroph ratios of soil fungal communities, Soil Biol. Biochem., 129, 99–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.11.010, 2019.
Shumba, A., Chikowo, R., Thierfelder, C., Corbeels, M., Six, J., and Cardinael, R.: Mulch application as the overarching factor explaining increase in soil organic carbon stocks under conservation agriculture in two 8-year-old experiments in Zimbabwe, SOIL, 10, 151–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-151-2024, 2024.
Sisti, C. P. J., Dos Santos, H. P., Kohhann, R., Alves, B. J. R., Urquiaga, S., and Boddey, R. M.: Change in carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil under 13 years of conventional or zero tillage in southern Brazil, Soil Till. Res., 76, 39–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2003.08.007, 2004.
Sithole, N. J., Magwaza, L. S., and Thibaud, G. R.: Long-term impact of no-till conservation agriculture and N-fertilizer on soil aggregate stability, infiltration and distribution of C in different size fractions, Soil Till. Res., 190, 147–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.03.004, 2019.
Six, J., Conant, R. T., Paul, E. A., and Paustian, K.: Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: Implications for C-saturation of soils, Plant Soil, 241, 155–176, 2002.
Six, J., Bossuyt, H., Degryze, S., and Denef, K.: A history of research on the link between (micro)aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics, Soil Till. Res., 79, 7–31, 2004.
Sokol, N. W., Kuebbing, Sara. E., Karlsen-Ayala, E., and Bradford, M. A.: Evidence for the primacy of living root inputs, not root or shoot litter, in forming soil organic carbon, New Phytol., 221, 233–246, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15361, 2019.
Sourn, T., Pok, S., Chou, P., Nut, N., Theng, D., and Prasad, P. V. V.: Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Soil Erosion Using Remote Sensing, GIS and RUSLE Model: A Case Study of Battambang Province, Cambodia, Sustainability, 14, 4066, https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074066, 2022.
Sourn, T., Pok, S., Chou, P., Nut, N., Theng, D., and Hin, L.: Assessing Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Change and Factors Affecting Agricultural Land: Case Study in Battambang Province, Cambodia, Res. World Agr. Econ., 4, 41–54, https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v4i4.925, 2023.
Stavi, I. and Lal, R.: Achieving Zero Net Land Degradation: Challenges and opportunities, J. Arid Environ., 112, 44–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.01.016, 2015.
Suong, M., Chapuis, E., Leng, V., Tivet, F., Waele, D. D., Thi, H. N., and Bellafiore, S.: Impact of a conservation agriculture system on soil characteristics, rice yield, and root-parasitic nematodes in a Cambodian lowland rice field, J. Nematol., 51, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2019-085, 2019.
TerAvest, D., Carpenter-Boggs, L., Thierfelder, C., and Reganold, J. P.: Crop production and soil water management in conservation agriculture, no-till, and conventional tillage systems in Malawi, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 212, 285–296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.07.011, 2015.
Tiecher, T., Gubiani, E., Santanna, M. A., Veloso, M. G., Calegari, A., Canalli, L. B. D. S., Finckh, M. R., Caner, L., and Rheinheimer, D. D. S.: Effect of 26-years of soil tillage systems and winter cover crops on C and N stocks in a Southern Brazilian Oxisol, Rev. Bras. Cienc. Solo, 44, e0200029, https://doi.org/10.36783/18069657rbcs20200029, 2020.
Tiemann, L. K., Grandy, A. S., Atkinson, E. E., Marin-Spiotta, E., and McDaniel, M. D.: Crop rotational diversity enhances belowground communities and functions in an agroecosystem, Ecol. Lett., 18, 761–771, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12453, 2015.
Tivet, F., De Moraes Sá, J. C., Lal, R., Briedis, C., Borszowskei, P. R., Dos Santos, J. B., Farias, A., Eurich, G., Hartman, D. D. C., Nadolny Junior, M., Bouzinac, S., and Séguy, L.: Aggregate C depletion by plowing and its restoration by diverse biomass-C inputs under no-till in sub-tropical and tropical regions of Brazil, Soil Till. Res., 126, 203–218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.09.004, 2013.
UNCCD: Country profile of Cambodia. Investing in land degradation neutrality: Making te case, An overview of indicator and assessments, Global mechanism of the UNCCD, Bonn, Germany, https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/ldn_targets/2018-12/Cambodia.pdf (last access: 11 September 2023), 2018.
USDA: Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys, 2nd Edn., Agriculture Handbook No. 436, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1999.
Veiga, J. P. S., Valle, T. L., Feltran, J. C., and Bizzo, W. A.: Characterization and productivity of cassava waste and its use as an energy source, Renew. Energ., 93, 691–699, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.02.078, 2016.
Veloso, M. G., Angers, D. A., Tiecher, T., Giacomini, S., Dieckow, J., and Bayer, C.: High carbon storage in a previously degraded subtropical soil under no-tillage with legume cover crops, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 268, 15–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.08.024, 2018.
Virto, I., Barré, P., Burlot, A., and Chenu, C.: Carbon input differences as the main factor explaining the variability in soil organic C storage in no-tilled compared to inversion tilled agrosystems, Biogeochemistry, 108, 17–26, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-011-9600-4, 2012.
Von Haden, A. C., Yang, W. H., and DeLucia, E. H.: Soils' dirty little secret: Depth-based comparisons can be inadequate for quantifying changes in soil organic carbon and other mineral soil properties, Glob. Change Biol., 26, 3759–3770, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15124, 2020.
Witzgall, K., Vidal, A., Schubert, D. I., Höschen, C., Schweizer, S. A., Buegger, F., Pouteau, V., Chenu, C., and Mueller, C. W.: Particulate organic matter as a functional soil component for persistent soil organic carbon, Nat. Commun., 12, 4115, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24192-8, 2021.
World Bank Group: Cambodia country climate and development report, The World Bank, Washinton DC, The US, https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0483-0_ch2_EAP, 2023.
Wuaden, C. R., Nicoloso, R. S., Barros, E. C., and Grave, R. A.: Early adoption of no-till mitigates soil organic carbon and nitrogen losses due to land use change, Soil Till. Res., 204, 104728, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2020.104728, 2020.
Xiao, L., Zhou, S., Zhao, R., Greenwood, P., and Kuhn, N. J.: Evaluating soil organic carbon stock changes induced by no-tillage based on fixed depth and equivalent soil mass approaches, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 300, 106982, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106982, 2020.
Zhang, W.-P., Fornara, D., Yang, H., Yu, R.-P., Callaway, R. M., and Li, L.: Plant litter strengthens positive biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships over time, Trend. Ecol. Evol., 38, 473–484, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.12.008, 2023.
Zhang, X., Gregory, A. S., Whalley, W. R., Coleman, K., Neal, A. L., Bacq-Labreuil, A., Mooney, S. J., Crawford, J. W., Soga, K., and Illangasekare, T. H.: Relationship between soil carbon sequestration and the ability of soil aggregates to transport dissolved oxygen, Geoderma, 403, 115370, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115370, 2021.
Short summary
We assessed the long-term impacts of no-till cropping systems on soil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics down to 1 m depth under the annual upland crop productions (cassava, maize, and soybean) in the tropical climate of Cambodia. We showed that no-till systems combined with rotations and cover crops could store large amounts of carbon in the top and subsoil in both the mineral organic matter and particulate organic matter fractions. We also question nitrogen management in these systems.
We assessed the long-term impacts of no-till cropping systems on soil organic carbon and...
