the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Stronger microbial nutrient limitations in subsoil along the precipitation gradient of agroecosystem: Insights from soil enzyme activity and stoichiometry
- 1State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Institute of Northeast Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
- 3Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- 4Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- 5Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
- 1State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Institute of Northeast Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
- 3Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- 4Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- 5Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
Abstract. Soil extracellular enzymes are central in terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change, and their research can be crucial for assessing microbial nutrient demand. However, the effects of climate-induced precipitation patterns on soil microbial nutrient demand in different soil profiles of agroecosystems are rarely studied. Here, we present how the precipitation gradient affects soil enzymes related to carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling and identified microbial nutrient limitation determinants at five depth intervals (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40 and 40–50 cm) in seven agroecosystems. We found that N- and P- acquiring enzymes have a tendency to increase or decrease, but C- acquiring enzymes did not change along the precipitation gradient throughout soil profiles. Soil pH and moisture were the most important factors affecting the enzyme activity in 0–50 cm. Our results also revealed a crucial soil boundary (at 20 cm) that differentiated responses of microbial nutrient limitation to precipitation changes. In the topsoil (0–20 cm), the stoichiometry of soil nutrients did not vary with precipitation. Microbial P limitation was exacerbated with increased precipitation, which was controlled by soil pH and moisture in the topsoil. In contrast, in the subsoil (20–50 cm), soil nutrient stoichiometry decreased with increasing precipitation, and microbial C and P limitation displayed a positive correlation with precipitation. Furthermore, microbial P limitation tended to be stronger in the subsoil than in the topsoil along the precipitation gradient. Microbial C and P limitation was regulated by the soil nutrients and their stoichiometry in the subsoil. Our study is an essential step in soil enzyme activity and stoichiometry response to precipitation in agroecosystems and provides novel insights into understanding microbial nutrient limitation mechanisms in soil profiles along the precipitation gradient.
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Jingjing Yang et al.
Status: final response (author comments only)
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RC1: 'Comment on soil-2021-140', Anonymous Referee #1, 09 Apr 2022
General comments:
I revised the paper “Stronger microbial nutrient limitations in subsoil along the precipitation gradient of 2 agroecosystem: Insights from soil enzyme activity and stoichiometry”. The topic of the paper could be interesting for soi scientists, but the paper showed some issues.
Much information in Materials and methods are absent or not complete. I suggest including the analysis of available P in soil, in particular to better discuss the effect of P concentration on enzyme activities.
The authors analysed different soil sampled in different site in a climate transect, in my opinion the authors should better describe the soil type and the different soil properties. The biological parameters as enzyme activities are strictly related to soil physio-chemical properties, the weather, the temperature and the season during the soil sampling, therefore the authors should better highlight these parameters.
The authors showed the results of different parameters putting together the results obtained in different soils. I suggest the authors show the results of different soils to highlight the effect of climate transect on soil properties (chemical and biological parameters).
Consequently, the discussion is affected by the results presentation. In many cases, the discussion of their results is not completely clear. In particular, the authors should consider that the enzyme activities are strongly affected by the soil depth and this aspect should be more stressed in the text.
I suggest a strong revision of the paper, including the analysis of available P in soil, considering the physio-chemical properties of soils, sampled in the different climate transect sites, and the soil depth effect on soil enzyme activities.
Specific comments:
Materials and methods
L128: please explain the acronym MAP the first time you use it.
L 128: please replace 6.2 °C to 4.1 °C with 6.2°C to 4.1°C
L136-138: The basic information reported are not sufficient to understand the potential interaction between the enzymes and soil particles. The soil texture (clays %, sand % etc.) should be included in the soil analysis. Additional information as cation exchange capacity could be another suitable information to explain the results of the experiment.
L149: “during the maize harvest period”, the authors should clarify if they sampled the soil immediately after harvest or before the harvest. The agricultural equipment induces a disturbance in soil, and it should be considered. Moreover, did you perform the soil sampling simultaneously? The temperature and the weather affect the biological parameters as enzyme activities.
L152: Soil moisture (SM)
L152-153: the protocol the authors used to measure the soil moisture is not clear.
L154: You should replace with “the analysis of edaphic properties”
L156-158: please briefly describe the methods you used to determine TN, TC, TP or report the proper references. Moreover, the P availability in soi in general is very low in comparison to total P, therefore the available P (e.g. Olsen P)
L163: why did you modify the protocol proposed by Saiya-Cork et al. 2002? You should include some words about that.
L165: Did you measure the acetate buffer pH? The buffer pH is a crucial parameter for enzyme activities because the efficiency of enzyme activity measured could be affected by buffer pH.
L166: Indicate the method you used to homogenize the soil samples
L 167: The figure S1 did not improve the fundamental information to understand the protocol the authors used. Therefore, I suggest the authors delete the S1 figure and better describe the protocol used in the text. In particular, the preliminary experiment should be described to understand the information the authors achieved by this experiment. Moreover, the specific substrates for each enzyme activities should be clearly indicated.
L215-220: the authors could report the soil pH, TC, TN and TP for each site in a table to clearly show the effect of climate transect on pH and soil nutrients, the average and standard deviation of the soil properties. In the text it’s not clear the soil type analysed and the weather in the site during the soil sampling. These information are fundamental to understand the real effect of precipitation. Otherwise, you could relate the soil pH and nutrient to the climate transect and not to the precipitation. The soil pH and soil nutrient cannot be related only to precipitation because the soil physio-chemical properties affect the soil pH, too. The authors showed a strong acidification of soil, and the explanation cannot be related only to precipitation. I suggest reporting the data for each site analysed, considering the effect also to the soil depth.
L226-272: the same observations previously reported for soil pH and nutrients can be considered also for soil enzyme activities: the soil properties and not only the precipitations affect the soil enzyme activities and they have to be considered in the text. Moreover, why did you report the results of 0-50cm layer? The 0-5.0 cm layer are not included in soil pH and nutrients section.
The enzyme activities are strongly affected by the soil depth therefore in general the enzyme activities analysis is related to 0-20 cm. I suggest considering this aspect.
The discussion: the discussion is necessarily affected by the results presentation. The discussion of soil chemical properties should be insert before the discussion of enzyme activities. Moreover, I suggest considering the climate transect effect on soil properties and consequently the authors can discuss the effect of precipitations. The description of the soil properties in different site can help to understand the effect of climate transect and consequently the effect of precipitation. The figure 5 is interesting and it should be better discussed and explained in the text.
L301-303: this sentence is not clear. The authors analysed the total P and not the available P in soil. The amount of available P in soil is very lower than total P and strictly related to soil type. The amount of available P could help the authors to better explain their results.
L305-307: this sentence is not clear. Please explain why the C and N limitation should affect the phosphatases and not the other enzymes.
- CC1: 'Reply on RC1', Jingjing Yang, 02 Jun 2022
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CC2: 'Reply on RC1', Jingjing Yang, 02 Jun 2022
General comments:
1. I revised the paper “Stronger microbial nutrient limitations in subsoil along the precipitation gradient of agroecosystem: Insights from soil enzyme activity and stoichiometry”. The topic of the paper could be interesting for soil scientists, but the paper showed some issues.
Much information in Materials and methods are absent or not complete. I suggest including the analysis of available P in soil, in particular to better discuss the effect of P concentration on enzyme activities.
The authors analysed different soil sampled in different site in a climate transect, in my opinion the authors should better describe the soil type and the different soil properties. The biological parameters as enzyme activities are strictly related to soil physio-chemical properties, the weather, the temperature and the season during the soil sampling, therefore the authors should better highlight these parameters.
The authors showed the results of different parameters putting together the results obtained in different soils. I suggest the authors show the results of different soils to highlight the effect of climate transect on soil properties (chemical and biological parameters).
Consequently, the discussion is affected by the results presentation. In many cases, the discussion of their results is not completely clear. In particular, the authors should consider that the enzyme activities are strongly affected by the soil depth and this aspect should be more stressed in the text.
I suggest a strong revision of the paper, including the analysis of available P in soil, considering the physio-chemical properties of soils, sampled in the different climate transect sites, and the soil depth effect on soil enzyme activities.
I greatly appreciate and agree with your comments. We describe the experimental methods and the weather, temperature, and season during soil sampling in more detail in Materials and methods. Both available phosphorus and total phosphorus are important environmental factors that affect soil enzyme activity. In addition, there was a consistent distribution pattern of soil available phosphorus and total phosphorus in the NECT. We will focus on the relationship between available phosphorus and soil enzymes in our future studies. Furthermore, we analyzed the patterns of soil properties and soil enzyme activity with soil depth in each site to study the effect of the climate transect on soil properties. Although soil properties and enzyme activity in one site are important, we were more interested in highlighting the patterns of soil enzyme activity along the precipitation gradient in different soil layers. We showed that stronger microbial nutrient limitation in the subsoil along the precipitation gradient of agroecosystem, which is rarely studied at large scales. Large-scale studies conducted through NECT (one of 15 international standard transects established as part of the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems initiative) are more important than analysis of one site.
Specific comments:
Materials and methods
2. L128: please explain the acronym MAP the first time you use it.
I'm sorry the acronym is not explicit. "MAP" means mean annual precipitation (see lines 128).
3. L 128: please replace 6.2 °C to 4.1 °C with 6.2°C to 4.1°C
We have revised the same problems in the whole manuscript.
4. L136-138: The basic information reported are not sufficient to understand the potential interaction between the enzymes and soil particles. The soil texture (clays %, sand % etc.) should be included in the soil analysis. Additional information as cation exchange capacity could be another suitable information to explain the results of the experiment.
I greatly agree with your comments. Soil enzyme activity is affected by a combination of environmental factors. We analyzed the factors influencing soil enzyme activity and microbial nutrient limitation by selecting the most common and important soil properties based on the extensive literature on large scale soil enzyme research. The relationship between other soil properties such as soil texture and cation exchange capacity and soil enzyme activity will continue to be investigated in later work.
5. L149: “during the maize harvest period”, the authors should clarify if they sampled the soil immediately after harvest or before the harvest. The agricultural equipment induces a disturbance in soil, and it should be considered. Moreover, did you perform the soil sampling simultaneously? The temperature and the weather affect the biological parameters as enzyme activities.
Thanks for your advice. We sampled before maize harvest and completed all sampling within two days of sunny weather to ensure consistent weather and temperature. Please see lines 155-158.
6. L152: Soil moisture (SM)
Thanks. We have added it in line 161.
7. L152-153: the protocol the authors used to measure the soil moisture is not clear.
Soil moisture was determined by oven-drying technique using 10 g of fresh soil samples dried at 105°C for 48 h to a constant weight. The amount of water in the sample can be determined and the moisture content calculated and expressed as a percentage of the dry soil weight (Schmugge et al., 1980). We have provided detailed information in lines 161-164.
8. L154: You should replace with “the analysis of edaphic properties”
Many thanks for your suggestion. We have changed the “edaphic property analyses” to “the analysis of edaphic properties” (line 165).
9. L156-158: please briefly describe the methods you used to determine TN, TC, TP or report the proper references. Moreover, the P availability in soi in general is very low in comparison to total P, therefore the available P (e.g. Olsen P)
Thanks for your suggestion. Total C (TC) and N (TN) contents were determined by combustion using an automatic elemental analyzer (Zhang et al., 2022). Total P was first digested using H2SO4-HClO4, and then the total P (TP) concentration was measured using a continuous flow analyzer (Wang et al., 2022). Please see lines 167-170. Both available phosphorus and total phosphorus are important environmental factors that affect soil enzyme activity. In this NECT belt, it has been shown that soil available phosphorus has a highly significant positive correlation with total soil phosphorus with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.892**. Furthermore, there was a consistent distribution pattern of soil available phosphorus and total phosphorus in the NECT, both showing a trend of higher in the east and lower in the west (Wang et al., 2002). Therefore, we can use total phosphorus for the analysis. We will focus on the relationship between available phosphorus and soil enzymes in our future studies.
10. L163: why did you modify the protocol proposed by Saiya-Cork et al. 2002? You should include some words about that.
We did not express it clearly. We only made minor adjustments based on the samples. For example, the mass of the soil sample was increased from 1 g to 1.5 g. The incubation temperature of the sample was adjusted from 20°C to 25°C according to the pre-experiment. To avoid ambiguity, we modify it to “based on the methods described by Saiya-Cork et al. (2002) and German et al. (2011)”. Meanwhile, we add the details in lines 176-187.
11. L165: Did you measure the acetate buffer pH? The buffer pH is a crucial parameter for enzyme activities because the efficiency of enzyme activity measured could be affected by buffer pH.
We measured the acetate buffer pH at 7.7. In order to estimate potential enzyme activities in environmental samples, enzyme assays should be run at a pH appropriate for that sample. Thus, soil pH is the desirable pH to use for the estimation of potential digestive enzyme activities in soil samples (German et al., 2011). We used glacial acetic acid to adjust acetate buffer pH to the pH of this study site (lines 178-179).
12. L166: Indicate the method you used to homogenize the soil samples
Thanks. The samples were homogenized by blending on highest speed for 2 minutes to make a slurry with a magnetic stirrer (lines 179-180).
13. L 167: The figure S1 did not improve the fundamental information to understand the protocol the authors used. Therefore, I suggest the authors delete the S1 figure and better describe the protocol used in the text. In particular, the preliminary experiment should be described to understand the information the authors achieved by this experiment. Moreover, the specific substrates for each enzyme activities should be clearly indicated.
Thanks. We deleted the S1 figure and described the protocol in detail in our manuscript. Blank wells received 250 μl acetate buffer. Standard wells received 50 μl of standard substrate and 200 μl acetate buffer. Substrate wells received 50 μl of 200 μM enzyme substrate solution in 200 μl of acetate buffer. Sample wells received 50 μl of acetate buffer and 200 μl of soil sample suspension. Quench Control wells received 50 μl of the standard substrate (10 μM 4-methylumvelliferyl or 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin) plus 200 μl of soil sample suspension. Assay wells received 50 μl of 200 μM enzyme substrate solution and 200 μl of soil sample suspension. Please see lines 180-187.
We also indicated the specific substrates for each enzyme activities in Table 1.
Table 1. Names, Abbr. (abbreviations), functions, substrate and groups of soil enzymes that were measured in the current study.
Group
Enzyme name
Abbr.
Function
Substrate
C acquisition
β-1,4-glucosidase
BG
Cellulose degradation
4-MUB-β-D-glucosidase
β-D-cellobiohydrolase
CBH
Cellulose degradation
4-MUB-β-D-cellobioside
N acquisition
β-1,4-N- acetylglucosaminidase
NAG
Chitin degradation
4-MUB-N-acetyl-β-D- glucosaminide
L-leucine aminopeptidase
LAP
Peptide breakdown
L-leucine-7-amino-4- methylcoumarin
P acquisition
Phosphatase
AP
Mineralizes organic P into phosphate
4-MUB-phosphate
14. L215-220: the authors could report the soil pH, TC, TN and TP for each site in a table to clearly show the effect of climate transect on pH and soil nutrients, the average and standard deviation of the soil properties. In the text it’s not clear the soil type analysed and the weather in the site during the soil sampling. These information are fundamental to understand the real effect of precipitation. Otherwise, you could relate the soil pH and nutrient to the climate transect and not to the precipitation. The soil pH and soil nutrient cannot be related only to precipitation because the soil physio-chemical properties affect the soil pH, too. The authors showed a strong acidification of soil, and the explanation cannot be related only to precipitation. I suggest reporting the data for each site analysed, considering the effect also to the soil depth.
I greatly appreciate and agree with your comments. We report the soil properties for each site in Table 2. Meanwhile, we analyzed the vertical patterns of soil physical and chemical properties at each site in Figure S1. We made a detailed description of the soil type and the sampling weather (see lines 137-145, 156-158). Northeast China Transect (NECT) represents a precipitation gradient and is one of fifteen international standard transects established as part of the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems initiative, and a key component of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). Therefore, the precipitation gradient represents the climate transect. We related soil properties to precipitation in order to show the pattern of soil properties with precipitation gradient. We strongly agree that soil pH is not only related to precipitation, but also to historical events and pedogenic factors, etc. This is determined by a combination of multiple factors. We have added a discussion of soil properties to the Discussion. Please see lines 302-314.
Table 2. Soil properties and their stoichiometry from 0-50 cm at each sampling site.
Site
SM
pH
TC
TN
TP
TC:TN
TC:TP
TN:TP
Soil type
CL
0.07 ± 0.00
8.26 ± 0.04
8.20 ± 0.09
0.78 ± 0.09
0.21 ± 0.01
10.70 ± 2.19
39.74 ± 1.94
3.80 ± 0.68
Salt-alkali
SJF
0.15 ± 0.00
7.81 ± 0.23
14.88 ± 0.15
1.27 ± 0.21
0.47 ± 0.07
11.92 ± 1.66
32.12 ± 4.60
2.70 ± 0.22
Light chernozem
NOA
0.17 ± 0.02
5.30 ± 0.28
9.20 ± 0.35
1.22 ± 0.04
0.33 ± 0.04
7.53 ± 0.28
28.55 ± 3.62
3.80 ± 0.60
Chernozem
CC
0.19 ± 0.00
5.76 ± 0.18
13.39 ± 0.32
1.41 ± 0.02
0.35 ± 0.03
9.52 ± 0.17
38.51 ± 3.18
4.05 ± 0.31
Black soil
DL
0.23 ± 0.04
5.57 ± 0.08
11.68 ± 4.14
1.39 ± 0.31
0.43 ± 0.06
8.20 ± 1.19
26.36 ± 6.22
3.18 ± 0.33
Dark brown soil
LW
0.37 ± 0.02
5.73 ± 0.17
36.96 ± 1.04
3.72 ± 0.09
1.88 ± 0.04
9.94 ± 0.10
19.69 ± 0.12
1.98 ± 0.01
Dark brown soil
BH
0.27 ± 0.02
5.27 ± 0.13
12.56 ± 2.62
1.50 ± 0.21
0.53 ± 0.03
8.31 ± 0.55
23.52 ± 3.44
2.82 ± 0.22
Dark brown soil
Note: SM: soil moisture; TC: total carbon; TN: soil nitrogen; TP: soil phosphorus. Values were presented as means ± SD.
Figure S1. Variations in soil properties with soil depth at seven sites. Lowercase letters indicate different levels of one-way ANOVA among different depths (P < 0.05). All values were expressed in means ± standard deviation.
15. L226-272: the same observations previously reported for soil pH and nutrients can be considered also for soil enzyme activities: the soil properties and not only the precipitations affect the soil enzyme activities and they have to be considered in the text. Moreover, why did you report the results of 0-50 cm layer? The 0-50 cm layer are not included in soil pH and nutrients section.
I absolutely agree that soil properties and not only precipitation affect soil enzyme activities. We related soil enzyme activities to precipitation in order to show the pattern of soil enzyme activities with precipitation gradient. We considered the relationship between soil properties and enzyme activity, and found that soil pH and moisture were the most important factors affecting enzyme activity by RDA analysis in Figure 3. The results of 0-50 cm layer can give a more comprehensive picture of the study site than a single soil layer. We have added the results of soil properties for the 0-50 cm layer in Figure 1.
16. The enzyme activities are strongly affected by the soil depth therefore in general the enzyme activities analysis is related to 0-20 cm. I suggest considering this aspect.
Thanks for your advice. We analyzed the vertical patterns of soil enzyme activities at each site in Figure S2. We took into careful consideration the changes in enzyme activity and enzyme stoichiometry of the soil from 0-20 cm. Especially in agroecosystems, the 0-20 cm as topsoil is the tillage layer, which is also quite different from the subsoil, and this is one of the highlights of our research.
Figure S2. Variations in soil enzyme activities and stoichiometry with soil depth at seven sites. Lowercase letters indicate different levels of one-way ANOVA among different depths (P < 0.05). All values were expressed in means ± standard deviation.
17. The discussion: the discussion is necessarily affected by the results presentation. The discussion of soil chemical properties should be insert before the discussion of enzyme activities. Moreover, I suggest considering the climate transect effect on soil properties and consequently the authors can discuss the effect of precipitations. The description of the soil properties in different site can help to understand the effect of climate transect and consequently the effect of precipitation. The figure 5 is interesting and it should be better discussed and explained in the text.
Many thanks for your suggestion. It has been done. Please see lines 302-314. Soil moisture, total carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus increased as the MAP increased along the NECT, but the soil pH decreased as the MAP increased. These results are consistent with the results at the regional scale (Cui et al., 2019; Shu-Ping et al., 2002). Due to the steep moisture gradient, the virgin vegetation changes gradually from mixed deciduous broad-leaved forest to meadow steppe along the transect (Prentice et al., 2011). Forests can improve the availability of soil nutrients through nitrogen fixation and phosphorus strategies (Nasto et al., 2014; Nasto et al., 2017). In addition, soil properties are related to the interaction of precipitation and soil parent materials (Huston, 2012). The high pH of the soil in west of the transect is due to the fact that the soil is salt-alkali and the evaporation is three to four times higher than the precipitation (Wang and Ba, 2008; Yang et al., 2021). Therefore, less precipitation, high surface evaporation and parent salinity are the major reasons for high soil pH. Understanding soil properties at the regional scale is fundamental to predicting climate changes at the global scale.
Figure 5 is discussed in lines 225-228, 322-325, 339-340, 363-369.
18. L301-303: this sentence is not clear. The authors analysed the total P and not the available P in soil. The amount of available P in soil is very lower than total P and strictly related to soil type. The amount of available P could help the authors to better explain their results.
I'm sorry this sentence is not explicit. Microbial metabolic limitation in soil is attributed to an imbalance in nutrient stoichiometry. “If the C and N accumulated in the soil dilute the soil P content, the microorganisms may be limited by P due to the elemental stoichiometric balance of the microorganisms” means that the soil carbon and nitrogen accumulate and the phosphorus content needs to be higher to sustain the microbial metabolism. If carbon and nitrogen accumulate and there is no more phosphorus to sustain microbial metabolism, this can lead to phosphorus limitation. Microbial resource limitation is a relative concept that cannot be judged simply by the abundance of the resource. Therefore, "dilution of soil P content" is not a real reduction of soil phosphorus content, but a relative concept. Both total phosphorus and available phosphorus are consistent with this rule. We improved this sentence in lines 342-344.
19. L305-307: this sentence is not clear. Please explain why the C and N limitation should affect the phosphatases and not the other enzymes.
This sentence does not include the C and N limitation. As proteins, carbon is an important component of phosphatase and phosphatases have relatively high N concentrations (between 8% and 32%), and may represent a significant investment of C and N (Treseder and Vitousek, 2001). This sentence has been improved in lines 346-348.
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Donghui Wu, 02 Jun 2022
Thank you very much for taking the time to give us your precious suggestions on our manuscript. We are very pleased that you are interested in our topic. We have taken your suggestions into serious consideration and revised them in detail.
General comments:
1. I revised the paper “Stronger microbial nutrient limitations in subsoil along the precipitation gradient of agroecosystem: Insights from soil enzyme activity and stoichiometry”. The topic of the paper could be interesting for soil scientists, but the paper showed some issues.
Much information in Materials and methods are absent or not complete. I suggest including the analysis of available P in soil, in particular to better discuss the effect of P concentration on enzyme activities.
The authors analysed different soil sampled in different site in a climate transect, in my opinion the authors should better describe the soil type and the different soil properties. The biological parameters as enzyme activities are strictly related to soil physio-chemical properties, the weather, the temperature and the season during the soil sampling, therefore the authors should better highlight these parameters.
The authors showed the results of different parameters putting together the results obtained in different soils. I suggest the authors show the results of different soils to highlight the effect of climate transect on soil properties (chemical and biological parameters).
Consequently, the discussion is affected by the results presentation. In many cases, the discussion of their results is not completely clear. In particular, the authors should consider that the enzyme activities are strongly affected by the soil depth and this aspect should be more stressed in the text.
I suggest a strong revision of the paper, including the analysis of available P in soil, considering the physio-chemical properties of soils, sampled in the different climate transect sites, and the soil depth effect on soil enzyme activities.
I greatly appreciate and agree with your comments. We describe the experimental methods and the weather, temperature, and season during soil sampling in more detail in Materials and methods. Both available phosphorus and total phosphorus are important environmental factors that affect soil enzyme activity. In addition, there was a consistent distribution pattern of soil available phosphorus and total phosphorus in the NECT. We will focus on the relationship between available phosphorus and soil enzymes in our future studies. Furthermore, we analyzed the patterns of soil properties and soil enzyme activity with soil depth in each site to study the effect of the climate transect on soil properties. Although soil properties and enzyme activity in one site are important, we were more interested in highlighting the patterns of soil enzyme activity along the precipitation gradient in different soil layers. We showed that stronger microbial nutrient limitation in the subsoil along the precipitation gradient of agroecosystem, which is rarely studied at large scales. Large-scale studies conducted through NECT (one of 15 international standard transects established as part of the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems initiative) are more important than analysis of one site.
Specific comments:
Materials and methods
2. L128: please explain the acronym MAP the first time you use it.
I'm sorry the acronym is not explicit. "MAP" means mean annual precipitation (see lines 128).
3. L 128: please replace 6.2 °C to 4.1 °C with 6.2°C to 4.1°C
We have revised the same problems in the whole manuscript.
4. L136-138: The basic information reported are not sufficient to understand the potential interaction between the enzymes and soil particles. The soil texture (clays %, sand % etc.) should be included in the soil analysis. Additional information as cation exchange capacity could be another suitable information to explain the results of the experiment.
I greatly agree with your comments. Soil enzyme activity is affected by a combination of environmental factors. We analyzed the factors influencing soil enzyme activity and microbial nutrient limitation by selecting the most common and important soil properties based on the extensive literature on large scale soil enzyme research. The relationship between other soil properties such as soil texture and cation exchange capacity and soil enzyme activity will continue to be investigated in later work.
5. L149: “during the maize harvest period”, the authors should clarify if they sampled the soil immediately after harvest or before the harvest. The agricultural equipment induces a disturbance in soil, and it should be considered. Moreover, did you perform the soil sampling simultaneously? The temperature and the weather affect the biological parameters as enzyme activities.
Thanks for your advice. We sampled before maize harvest and completed all sampling within two days of sunny weather to ensure consistent weather and temperature. Please see lines 155-158.
6. L152: Soil moisture (SM)
Thanks. We have added it in line 161.
7. L152-153: the protocol the authors used to measure the soil moisture is not clear.
Soil moisture was determined by oven-drying technique using 10 g of fresh soil samples dried at 105°C for 48 h to a constant weight. The amount of water in the sample can be determined and the moisture content calculated and expressed as a percentage of the dry soil weight (Schmugge et al., 1980). We have provided detailed information in lines 161-164.
8. L154: You should replace with “the analysis of edaphic properties”
Many thanks for your suggestion. We have changed the “edaphic property analyses” to “the analysis of edaphic properties” (line 165).
9. L156-158: please briefly describe the methods you used to determine TN, TC, TP or report the proper references. Moreover, the P availability in soi in general is very low in comparison to total P, therefore the available P (e.g. Olsen P)
Thanks for your suggestion. Total C (TC) and N (TN) contents were determined by combustion using an automatic elemental analyzer (Zhang et al., 2022). Total P was first digested using H2SO4-HClO4, and then the total P (TP) concentration was measured using a continuous flow analyzer (Wang et al., 2022). Please see lines 167-170. Both available phosphorus and total phosphorus are important environmental factors that affect soil enzyme activity. In this NECT belt, it has been shown that soil available phosphorus has a highly significant positive correlation with total soil phosphorus with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.892**. Furthermore, there was a consistent distribution pattern of soil available phosphorus and total phosphorus in the NECT, both showing a trend of higher in the east and lower in the west (Wang et al., 2002). Therefore, we can use total phosphorus for the analysis. We will focus on the relationship between available phosphorus and soil enzymes in our future studies.
10. L163: why did you modify the protocol proposed by Saiya-Cork et al. 2002? You should include some words about that.
We did not express it clearly. We only made minor adjustments based on the samples. For example, the mass of the soil sample was increased from 1 g to 1.5 g. The incubation temperature of the sample was adjusted from 20°C to 25°C according to the pre-experiment. To avoid ambiguity, we modify it to “based on the methods described by Saiya-Cork et al. (2002) and German et al. (2011)”. Meanwhile, we add the details in lines 176-187.
11. L165: Did you measure the acetate buffer pH? The buffer pH is a crucial parameter for enzyme activities because the efficiency of enzyme activity measured could be affected by buffer pH.
We measured the acetate buffer pH at 7.7. In order to estimate potential enzyme activities in environmental samples, enzyme assays should be run at a pH appropriate for that sample. Thus, soil pH is the desirable pH to use for the estimation of potential digestive enzyme activities in soil samples (German et al., 2011). We used glacial acetic acid to adjust acetate buffer pH to the pH of this study site (lines 178-179).
12. L166: Indicate the method you used to homogenize the soil samples
Thanks. The samples were homogenized by blending on highest speed for 2 minutes to make a slurry with a magnetic stirrer (lines 179-180).
13. L 167: The figure S1 did not improve the fundamental information to understand the protocol the authors used. Therefore, I suggest the authors delete the S1 figure and better describe the protocol used in the text. In particular, the preliminary experiment should be described to understand the information the authors achieved by this experiment. Moreover, the specific substrates for each enzyme activities should be clearly indicated.
Thanks. We deleted the S1 figure and described the protocol in detail in our manuscript. Blank wells received 250 μl acetate buffer. Standard wells received 50 μl of standard substrate and 200 μl acetate buffer. Substrate wells received 50 μl of 200 μM enzyme substrate solution in 200 μl of acetate buffer. Sample wells received 50 μl of acetate buffer and 200 μl of soil sample suspension. Quench Control wells received 50 μl of the standard substrate (10 μM 4-methylumvelliferyl or 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin) plus 200 μl of soil sample suspension. Assay wells received 50 μl of 200 μM enzyme substrate solution and 200 μl of soil sample suspension. Please see lines 180-187.
We also indicated the specific substrates for each enzyme activities in Table 1.
Table 1. Names, Abbr. (abbreviations), functions, substrate and groups of soil enzymes that were measured in the current study.
Group
Enzyme name
Abbr.
Function
Substrate
C acquisition
β-1,4-glucosidase
BG
Cellulose degradation
4-MUB-β-D-glucosidase
β-D-cellobiohydrolase
CBH
Cellulose degradation
4-MUB-β-D-cellobioside
N acquisition
β-1,4-N- acetylglucosaminidase
NAG
Chitin degradation
4-MUB-N-acetyl-β-D- glucosaminide
L-leucine aminopeptidase
LAP
Peptide breakdown
L-leucine-7-amino-4- methylcoumarin
P acquisition
Phosphatase
AP
Mineralizes organic P into phosphate
4-MUB-phosphate
14. L215-220: the authors could report the soil pH, TC, TN and TP for each site in a table to clearly show the effect of climate transect on pH and soil nutrients, the average and standard deviation of the soil properties. In the text it’s not clear the soil type analysed and the weather in the site during the soil sampling. These information are fundamental to understand the real effect of precipitation. Otherwise, you could relate the soil pH and nutrient to the climate transect and not to the precipitation. The soil pH and soil nutrient cannot be related only to precipitation because the soil physio-chemical properties affect the soil pH, too. The authors showed a strong acidification of soil, and the explanation cannot be related only to precipitation. I suggest reporting the data for each site analysed, considering the effect also to the soil depth.
I greatly appreciate and agree with your comments. We report the soil properties for each site in Table 2. Meanwhile, we analyzed the vertical patterns of soil physical and chemical properties at each site in Figure S1. We made a detailed description of the soil type and the sampling weather (see lines 137-145, 156-158). Northeast China Transect (NECT) represents a precipitation gradient and is one of fifteen international standard transects established as part of the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems initiative, and a key component of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). Therefore, the precipitation gradient represents the climate transect. We related soil properties to precipitation in order to show the pattern of soil properties with precipitation gradient. We strongly agree that soil pH is not only related to precipitation, but also to historical events and pedogenic factors, etc. This is determined by a combination of multiple factors. We have added a discussion of soil properties to the Discussion. Please see lines 302-314.
Table 2. Soil properties and their stoichiometry from 0-50 cm at each sampling site.
Site
SM
pH
TC
TN
TP
TC:TN
TC:TP
TN:TP
Soil type
CL
0.07 ± 0.00
8.26 ± 0.04
8.20 ± 0.09
0.78 ± 0.09
0.21 ± 0.01
10.70 ± 2.19
39.74 ± 1.94
3.80 ± 0.68
Salt-alkali
SJF
0.15 ± 0.00
7.81 ± 0.23
14.88 ± 0.15
1.27 ± 0.21
0.47 ± 0.07
11.92 ± 1.66
32.12 ± 4.60
2.70 ± 0.22
Light chernozem
NOA
0.17 ± 0.02
5.30 ± 0.28
9.20 ± 0.35
1.22 ± 0.04
0.33 ± 0.04
7.53 ± 0.28
28.55 ± 3.62
3.80 ± 0.60
Chernozem
CC
0.19 ± 0.00
5.76 ± 0.18
13.39 ± 0.32
1.41 ± 0.02
0.35 ± 0.03
9.52 ± 0.17
38.51 ± 3.18
4.05 ± 0.31
Black soil
DL
0.23 ± 0.04
5.57 ± 0.08
11.68 ± 4.14
1.39 ± 0.31
0.43 ± 0.06
8.20 ± 1.19
26.36 ± 6.22
3.18 ± 0.33
Dark brown soil
LW
0.37 ± 0.02
5.73 ± 0.17
36.96 ± 1.04
3.72 ± 0.09
1.88 ± 0.04
9.94 ± 0.10
19.69 ± 0.12
1.98 ± 0.01
Dark brown soil
BH
0.27 ± 0.02
5.27 ± 0.13
12.56 ± 2.62
1.50 ± 0.21
0.53 ± 0.03
8.31 ± 0.55
23.52 ± 3.44
2.82 ± 0.22
Dark brown soil
Note: SM: soil moisture; TC: total carbon; TN: soil nitrogen; TP: soil phosphorus. Values were presented as means ± SD.
Figure S1. Variations in soil properties with soil depth at seven sites. Lowercase letters indicate different levels of one-way ANOVA among different depths (P < 0.05). All values were expressed in means ± standard deviation.
15. L226-272: the same observations previously reported for soil pH and nutrients can be considered also for soil enzyme activities: the soil properties and not only the precipitations affect the soil enzyme activities and they have to be considered in the text. Moreover, why did you report the results of 0-50 cm layer? The 0-50 cm layer are not included in soil pH and nutrients section.
I absolutely agree that soil properties and not only precipitation affect soil enzyme activities. We related soil enzyme activities to precipitation in order to show the pattern of soil enzyme activities with precipitation gradient. We considered the relationship between soil properties and enzyme activity, and found that soil pH and moisture were the most important factors affecting enzyme activity by RDA analysis in Figure 3. The results of 0-50 cm layer can give a more comprehensive picture of the study site than a single soil layer. We have added the results of soil properties for the 0-50 cm layer in Figure 1.
16. The enzyme activities are strongly affected by the soil depth therefore in general the enzyme activities analysis is related to 0-20 cm. I suggest considering this aspect.
Thanks for your advice. We analyzed the vertical patterns of soil enzyme activities at each site in Figure S2. We took into careful consideration the changes in enzyme activity and enzyme stoichiometry of the soil from 0-20 cm. Especially in agroecosystems, the 0-20 cm as topsoil is the tillage layer, which is also quite different from the subsoil, and this is one of the highlights of our research.
Figure S2. Variations in soil enzyme activities and stoichiometry with soil depth at seven sites. Lowercase letters indicate different levels of one-way ANOVA among different depths (P < 0.05). All values were expressed in means ± standard deviation.
17. The discussion: the discussion is necessarily affected by the results presentation. The discussion of soil chemical properties should be insert before the discussion of enzyme activities. Moreover, I suggest considering the climate transect effect on soil properties and consequently the authors can discuss the effect of precipitations. The description of the soil properties in different site can help to understand the effect of climate transect and consequently the effect of precipitation. The figure 5 is interesting and it should be better discussed and explained in the text.
Many thanks for your suggestion. It has been done. Please see lines 302-314. Soil moisture, total carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus increased as the MAP increased along the NECT, but the soil pH decreased as the MAP increased. These results are consistent with the results at the regional scale (Cui et al., 2019; Shu-Ping et al., 2002). Due to the steep moisture gradient, the virgin vegetation changes gradually from mixed deciduous broad-leaved forest to meadow steppe along the transect (Prentice et al., 2011). Forests can improve the availability of soil nutrients through nitrogen fixation and phosphorus strategies (Nasto et al., 2014; Nasto et al., 2017). In addition, soil properties are related to the interaction of precipitation and soil parent materials (Huston, 2012). The high pH of the soil in west of the transect is due to the fact that the soil is salt-alkali and the evaporation is three to four times higher than the precipitation (Wang and Ba, 2008; Yang et al., 2021). Therefore, less precipitation, high surface evaporation and parent salinity are the major reasons for high soil pH. Understanding soil properties at the regional scale is fundamental to predicting climate changes at the global scale.
Figure 5 is discussed in lines 225-228, 322-325, 339-340, 363-369.
18. L301-303: this sentence is not clear. The authors analysed the total P and not the available P in soil. The amount of available P in soil is very lower than total P and strictly related to soil type. The amount of available P could help the authors to better explain their results.
I'm sorry this sentence is not explicit. Microbial metabolic limitation in soil is attributed to an imbalance in nutrient stoichiometry. “If the C and N accumulated in the soil dilute the soil P content, the microorganisms may be limited by P due to the elemental stoichiometric balance of the microorganisms” means that the soil carbon and nitrogen accumulate and the phosphorus content needs to be higher to sustain the microbial metabolism. If carbon and nitrogen accumulate and there is no more phosphorus to sustain microbial metabolism, this can lead to phosphorus limitation. Microbial resource limitation is a relative concept that cannot be judged simply by the abundance of the resource. Therefore, "dilution of soil P content" is not a real reduction of soil phosphorus content, but a relative concept. Both total phosphorus and available phosphorus are consistent with this rule. We improved this sentence in lines 342-344.
19. L305-307: this sentence is not clear. Please explain why the C and N limitation should affect the phosphatases and not the other enzymes.
This sentence does not include the C and N limitation. As proteins, carbon is an important component of phosphatase and phosphatases have relatively high N concentrations (between 8% and 32%), and may represent a significant investment of C and N (Treseder and Vitousek, 2001). This sentence has been improved in lines 346-348.
Reply
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RC2: 'Comment on soil-2021-140', Anonymous Referee #2, 23 Jul 2022
Soil enzymes play an important role in maintaining ecosystem quality, functional diversity, and nutrient cycling. The authors investigated the spatial variations in soil enzyme activities and their stoichiometry in soil profile of agroecosystem along precipitation gradient. They highlights the importance of enzyme activities stoichiometry for indication the nutrient limitation for microbe. The results are meaningful for comprehensive understanding of soil enzymes in agroecosystem responding to future climate change. The manuscript topic is timely with this work likely being of interested to a fairly wide readership. Further, the structure, figures and table of the manuscript are clear. However, the authors should highlight the novel of the paper and following issues should be fixed.
- Please revise the hypothesis, e.g. the second hypothesis, the driving factors change with an increase in depth, the driving factors for what?
- Materials and methods section: the MAPdata is important, how did you get these data?
- Line 152,and 157, the full names of SM and TP should be given when they fist appeared.
- Line 158, the company information of continuous flow analyzer should be given.
- Line 166, The methodology of enzymes should be revised as The methodology of enzymes activity measurement.
- Line 213, 3.1. Soil properties and their stoichiometry should be revised as Soil properties and nutrient stoichiometry.
- Line 216-218, soil moisture and nutrients (TC, TN, and TP) were positively correlated with precipitation, but this strong correlation was not observed in the subsoil for TC, TC was positively correlated with precipitation in topsoil but not subsoil?
- Line 232, enzyme nutrient stoichiometries?
- Line 294, P-acquiring enzyme was influenced by soil pH and moisture, the authors should give the reason.
- In the discussion section, the author should compare their results with the two hypothesis.
- Line 373-376, these two sentences seems to not relate to the conclusion, the authors should summarize your findings, discuss the implications or five the future research directions in the conclusion section.
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Donghui Wu, 06 Aug 2022
We were delighted to see that our manuscript is an interesting topic for you, and we gratefully thank you for time spend making constructive remarks, which has enabled us to improve the manuscript. Each suggested revision and commen was accurately incorporated and considered. Below the comments of the reviewer are response point by point.
General comments:
Soil enzymes play an important role in maintaining ecosystem quality, functional diversity, and nutrient cycling. The authors investigated the spatial variations in soil enzyme activities and their stoichiometry in soil profile of agroecosystem along precipitation gradient. They highlight the importance of enzyme activities stoichiometry for indication the nutrient limitation for microbe. The results are meaningful for comprehensive understanding of soil enzymes in agroecosystem responding to future climate change. The manuscript topic is timely with this work likely being of interested to a fairly wide readership. Further, the structure, figures and table of the manuscript are clear. However, the authors should highlight the novel of the paper and following issues should be fixed.
Thank you very much for the kind words, and we are very glad that you are interested in our topic. Our novelty is utilizing enzymatic stoichiometry to assess microbial nutrient limitations in the topsoil and subsoil of agroecosystems along the precipitation gradient and to determine the drivers, filling a gap in climate change on soil profiles of agroecosystems. We further clearly emphasize the novelty of this study in lines 59-63, 89-92, 108-120 and 420-429. See below for how we have carefully revised the manuscript in response to your comments.1. Please revise the hypothesis, e.g. the second hypothesis, the driving factors change with an increase in depth, the driving factors for what?
We are grateful for the suggestion. The second hypothesis is that the driving factors of microbial nutrient limitation change with an increase in soil depth (lines 117-118).2. Materials and methods section: the MAP data is important, how did you get these data?
Meteorological data that included monthly observations of the precipitation and temperature from 7 meteorological stations in Jilin Province were collected from the National Meteorological Information Center (http://data.cma.cn/) for the period from 1971 to 2017 (see lines 128-130).3. Line 152, and 157, the full names of SM and TP should be given when they first appeared.
I'm sorry the acronym is not explicit. "SM" means soil moisture, and “TP” means total phosphorus (see lines 164 and 171).4. Line 158, the company information of continuous flow analyzer should be given.
The company information of continuous flow analyzer is SKALAR SAN++, Netherlands. We have added it in line 173.5. Line 166, The methodology of enzymes should be revised as The methodology of enzymes activity measurement
Thanks. The methodology of enzymes activity measurement in Supplementary figure 1 has been modified into the manuscript based on the first referee's comments, so this sentence has been removed.6. Line 213, 3.1. Soil properties and their stoichiometry should be revised as Soil properties and nutrient stoichiometry.
We have revised it in line 237.7. Line 216-218, soil moisture and nutrients (TC, TN, and TP) were positively correlated with precipitation, but this strong correlation was not observed in the subsoil for TC, TC was positively correlated with precipitation in topsoil but not subsoil?
Yes, our results show that the total carbon was positively correlated with precipitation in topsoil (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm), while this relationship was not observed in subsoil (20-30 cm, 30-40 cm, 40-50 cm). This may be due to the fact that soil carbon is stable and immediately below the plough layers, where plough pan formation typically occurs in tillage in the subsoil, considerable changes in the soil total carbon are unlikely to occur due to the persistence of compacted layers.8. Line 232, enzyme nutrient stoichiometries?
It has been revised to the enzymatic C:N and N:P ratios in line 260.9. Line 294, P-acquiring enzyme was influenced by soil pH and moisture, the authors should give the reason.
We gave the reason by supplementing the analytical methods and research evidence. A perpendicular projection of P-acquiring enzyme onto the line overlaying the environmental variable arrow revealed that P-acquiring enzyme was influenced by soil pH and moisture (Fig. 3). P is predominately derived from mineral aerosol deposition and weathering, and it is highly dependent on pH (Mahowald et al., 2008; Thingstad et al., 2005). High soil moisture and low soil pH increase P-acquiring enzyme activity, which facilitates P solubilization (Collavino et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2020b). Please see lines 333-338.10. In the discussion section, the author should compare their results with the two hypothesis.
Many thanks for your suggestion. Our findings are in support of our hypothesis that microbial nutrient limitations were stronger in the subsoil than in the topsoil along the precipitation gradient. Also, we show that the driving factors of microbial nutrient limitation are different in topsoil and subsoil (see lines 360-362).11. Line 373-376, these two sentences seems to not relate to the conclusion, the authors should summarize your findings, discuss the implications or give the future research directions in the conclusion section.
We greatly appreciate your suggestion. We reorganized the Conclusion and deleted these two sentences. We observed an increase in microbial C and P limitation along the precipitation gradient in agroecosystems. Furthermore, our study showed stronger microbial C and P limitation in the subsoil compared to the topsoil. Given that the high sensitivity of microbial nutrient limitation was observed in the subsoil, our results suggest that the impact of precipitation on microorganisms may be underestimated if only the topsoil is assessed, especially in agroecosystems. Our study also provides insights to elucidate the differentiation in microbial nutrient limitation mechanisms among soil profiles, generating realistic predictions of how agroecosystems will respond to ongoing climate changes. Future research will incorporate deep tillage to maintain microbial nutrient balance in the subsoil to meet production goals and protect vital life-support systems in the context of climate change. Please see lines 420-429.
Jingjing Yang et al.
Jingjing Yang et al.
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