Caires, E. F., Blum, J., Barth, G., Garbuio, F. J., and Kusman, M. T.: Changes in chemical soil characteristics and soybean response to lime and gypsum applications in a no-tillage system (in Portuguêse), R. Bras. Ci. Solo (Braz. J. Soil Sci.), 27, 275–286, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832003000200008, 2003.
Castro, G. S. A., Calonego, J. C., and Crusciol, C. A. C.: Soil physical properties in crop rotation systems as affected by liming materials (in Portuguêse), Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. (Braz. Agric. Res.), 46, 1690–1698, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2011001200015, 2011.
Chase, M. W. (Ed.): NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, in: 4th Edn., Monograph 9, American Institute of Physics, ISBN 1563968312, 1998.
Das, B., Prakash, B., Reddy, P. S. R., and Misra, V.: An overview of utilization of slag and sludge from steel industries, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 50, 40–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.05.008, 2007.
Deus, A. C. F., Büll, L. T., Guppy, C. N., Santos, S. M. C., and Moreira, L. Q. M.: Effects of lime and steel slag application on soil fertility and soybean yield under a no til-system, Soil Till. Res., 196, 104422, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.104422, 2020.
Food and Agriculture Materials Inspection Center: To establish official standards for ordinary fertilizers in accordance with the Law Concerning Assurance of Fertilizer Quality, etc.,
http://www.famic.go.jp/ffis/fert/kokuji/60k0284.pdf, (last access: 5 September 2025), 2024.
Furuzono, S., Hidaka, H., and Yamashita, K.: A simplified method for evaluating available silica in siliceous materials using the reciprocating shake extraction method with neutral Tris buffer, Nippon Dojo-Hiryogaku Zasshi (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr.), 93, 392–397, https://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.93.6_392, 2022.
Futatsuka, T., Shitogiden, K., Miki, T., Nagasaka, T., and Hino, M.: Dissolution behavior of nutrition elements from steelmaking slag into seawater, ISIJ Int., 44, 753–761, https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.44.753, 2004.
Gao, X., Maruoka, N., Kim, S. J., Ueda, S., and Kitamura, S.: Dissolution behavior of nutrient elements from fertilizer made of steelmaking slag, in an irrigated paddy field environment, J. Sustain. Metal., 1, 304–313, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-015-0030-8, 2015.
Goto, I.: Development and promotion of agricultural utilization technology for converter slag, Shokubutsu-Boeki (Plant Prot.), 70, 209–214, 2016.
Goulding, K. W. T.: Soil acidification and the importance of liming agricultural soils with particular reference to the United Kingdom, Soil Use Manage., 32, 390–399, https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12270, 2016.
Gu, W. F., Diao, J., Tao, H. R., Deng, J. Y., Yu, H. F., Iwama, T., Cheremisina, E., Li, H. Y., Xie, B., and Ueda, S.: Effects of cooling methods on phase evolution, microstructure, and stability of steelmaking slag, Metal. Mater. Trans. B, 56, 3970–3979, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-025-03618-4, 2025.
Holland, J. E., Bennett, A. E., Newton, A. C., White, P. J., McKenzie, B. M., George, T. S., Pakeman, R. J., Bailey, J. S., Fornara, D. A., and Hayes, R. C.: Liming impacts on soils, crops and biodiversity in the UK: A review, Sci. Total Environ., 610–611, 316–332, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.020, 2018.
Inubushi, K.: Sustainable soil management in East, South and Southeast Asia, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 67, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2020.1835431, 2021.
Inubushi, K., Saito, H., Arai, H., Ito, K., Endoh, K., and Yashima, M. M.: Effect of oxidizing and reducing agents in soil on methane production in Southeast Asian paddies, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 64, 84–89, https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2017.1401907, 2018.
Ito, K.: Suppression of methane gas emission from paddy fields, Tech. Rep. 109, Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal, 145–148,
https://www.nipponsteel.com/en/tech/report/nssmc/pdf/109-25.pdf (last access: 5 September 2025), 2015.
Ito, K.: Elution of plant nutrition elements from steel slag fertilizers in a paddy field, Tech. Rep. 127, Nippon Steel, 100–108,
https://www.nipponsteel.com/en/tech/report/pdf/127-17.pdf (last access: 5 September 2025), 2022.
Ito, K., Endoh, K., Shiratori, Y., and Inubushi, K.: Silicon elution from three types of steel slag fertilizers in a paddy field analyzed by electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 61, 835–845, https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2015.1064326, 2015.
Iwadate, Y.: Reducing soil-borne disease damage through soil pH improvement using converter slag, Tsuchidukuri-to-Ekonogyo (Soil Manage. Eco-Friendly Agric.), 49, 42–47, 2017.
Iwama, T., Du, C. M., Koizumi, S., Gao, X., Ueda, S., and Kitamura, S. Y.: Extraction of phosphorus and recovery of phosphate from steelmaking slag by selective leaching, ISIJ Int., 60, 400–407, https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2019-298, 2020.
Iwama, T., Koizumi, S., Obara, M., and Ueda, S.: Raw data_Leaching Behavior of Steelmaking Slag Fertilizer under Repeated Wetting and Drying Conditions Simulating Upland Soil, Tohoku Univ. Repos. [data set], https://doi.org/10.50974/0002007606, 2026.
JOGMEC: Mineral resources material flow, 27. Phosphorus,
https://mric.jogmec.go.jp/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/material_flow2021_P.pdf (last access: 5 September 2025), 2021.
Li, G., Liu, P., Chao, S., Zhang, X., Li, J., Zhang, Y., and Duan, Y.: The mineral phase evolution characteristics and hydration activity enhancement mechanism of steel slag under NaOH alkaline excitation, J. Alloys Compd., 978, 173524, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.173524, 2024.
Maruoka, N., Okubo, M., Shibata, H., Gao, X., Ito, T., and Kitamura, S.: Improvement of desalted paddy soil by the application of fertilizer made of steelmaking slag (Recovery of a paddy field damaged by the tsunami using fertilizer made of steelmaking slag-1), Tetsu-to-Hagané, 101, 445–456, https://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2014-131, 2015.
Matsubae-Yokoyama, K., Kubo, H., Nakajima, K., and Nagasaka, T.: A material flow analysis of phosphorus in Japan, J. Ind. Ecol., 13, 687–705, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00162.x, 2009.
Matsui, S.: Stabilization of calcium compounds in steelmaking slag, Tech. Rep. 125, Nippon Steel, 93–98,
https://www.nipponsteel.com/en/tech/report/pdf/125-17.pdf (last access: 5 September 2025), 2020.
Murakami, K. and Goto, I.: Control of clubroot disease in Brassica vegetables through high application of converter slag, Agric. Hortic., 81, 445–452, 2006.
NARO – National Agriculture and Food Research Organization: Damage reduction techniques for soilborne Fusarium disease by correcting soil pH with converted slag as a core technology, research results,
https://www.naro.go.jp/publicity_report/publication/archive/files/tenro-slag-2.pdf (last access: 5 September 2025), 2015.
Nippon Slag Association: Characteristics and usefulness of steel slag products,
https://www.slg.jp/cms/wp-content/themes/original/pdf/pamph-sustainability_2015.pdf (last access: 5 September 2025), 2015.
Nippon Slag Association: Overview of steel slag supply and demand in FY2023,
https://www.slg.jp/cms/wp-content/themes/original/pdf/report-2023-01.pdf (last access: 5 March 2026), 2024.
Nippon Slag Association: Guidelines for the Management of Steel Slag Products,
https://www.slg.jp/cms/wp-content/themes/original/pdf/guideline_20260115.pdf (last access: 5 March 2026), 2026.
Okubo, M., Maruoka, N., Shibata, H., Gao, X., Ito, T., and Kitamura, S.: Long-term dissolution characteristics of various fertilizers made of steelmaking slag in a desalted paddy soil environment (Recovery of a paddy field damaged by the tsunami using fertilizer made of steelmaking slag-2), Tetsu-to-Hagané, 101, 457–464, https://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2014-132, 2015.
Oliveira, E. L. and Pavan, M. A.: Control of soil acidity in no-tillage system for soybean production, Soil Till. Res., 38, 47–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(96)01021-5, 1996.
Osorio, N. W. and Habte, M.: Effect of a phosphate-solubilizing fungus and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on leucaena seedlings in tropical soils with contrasting phosphate sorption capacity, Plant Soil, 389, 375–385, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2357-5, 2015.
Pistocchi, C., Ragaglini, G., Colla, V., Branca, T. A., Tozzini, C., and Romaniello, L.: Exchangeable Sodium Percentage decrease in saline sodic soil after Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag application in a lysimeter trial, J. Environ. Manage., 203, 896–906, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.007, 2017.
Pourbaix, M.: Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria, Pergamon Press, Oxford, ISBN 10 0080109853, 1966.
Pourbaix, M. and Franklin, J. A.: Atlas of electrochemical equilibria in aqueous solutions, in: 2nd Edn., National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, ISBN 10 0915567989, 1974.
Ritsema, C. J.: Estimation of activity coefficients of individual ions in solutions with ionic strengths up to 0.3 mol dm
−3, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 44, 307–315, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1993.tb00454.x, 1993.
Saigusa, M. and Matsuyama, N.: Distribution of allophanic andosols and non-allophanic andosols in Japan, Tohoku J. Agricul. Res., 48, 75–83, 1998.
Shiratori, Y.: Development of methane emission control measures for rice paddy fields and visualization technology for hydrogen sulfide, Hiryo-Kagaku (Fert. Sci.), 46, 73–97, 2024.
Sinegovskaya, V. T., Banetskaya, E. V., Boiarskii, B. S., Sinegovskii, M. O., and Nikulchev, K. A.: Role of soil liming in increasing crop yields in crop rotation, IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 547, 012037, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/547/1/012037, 2020.
Verma, K. K., Song, X. P., Liang, Q., Huang, H. R., Bhatt, R., Xu, L., Chen, G. L., and Li, Y. R.: Unlocking the role of silicon against biotic stress in plants, Front. Plant Sci., 15, 1430804, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1430804, 2024.
Wang, G., Wang, Y., and Gao, Z.: Use of steel slag as a granular material: volume expansion prediction and usability criteria, J. Hazard. Mater., 184, 555–560, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.071, 2010.
Yamamoto, S. and Morii, H.: Suppression of methane production via the promotion of Fe
2+ oxidation in paddy fields, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 51, 1114–1122, https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2020.1751192, 2020.
Zhao, J., Li, Z., Zhu, H., Liu, Q., and Liu, J.: Dissolution-precipitation hydration mechanism of steel slag based on ion exchange of a layered alkali-activator, Constr. Build. Mater., 411, 134795, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134795, 2024.
