We systematically explored the microbial diversity of the three typical soil types (Chernozem, Solonchak and Vertisol) of an important agricultural region. Diversity was greatest in Chernozems and lowest in Solonchaks, with soil pH, iron availability, and calcium carbonate content strongly associated with community composition.  These findings help us understand soil health better, support more sustainable farming and integrate Serbia into European soil research space.